Chapter 54 Disorders Caused by Toxicants

Disorders Caused by Toxicants

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Poisonous Plants

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  18. LeeST, CookD, Riet-CorreaF, et al. 2012. Detection of monofluoroacetate in Palicourea and Amorimia species. Toxicon60:791. PUBMED Abstract
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  21. PanterKE, GardnerDR, StegelmeierBL, et al. 2011. Water hemlock poisoning in cattle: ingestion of immature Cicuta maculata seed as the probable cause. Toxicon57:157. PUBMED Abstract
  22. RalphsMH, CheneyCD. 1993. Influence of cattle age, lithium chloride dose level and food type in the retention of food aversions. J Anim Sci71:373. PUBMED Abstract
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  25. EvansTJ. 2011. Diminished reproductive performance and selected toxicants in forages and grains, pp 345-371. In OsweilerGD (ed), Ruminant toxicology. Vet Clin Food Anim 27. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. PUBMED Abstract
  26. NicholsonSS. 2012. Nitrate and nitrite accumulating plants, pp 117-1127. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles, ed 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  27. CasteelSW, EvansTJ. 2004. Nitrate, pp 127-130. In PlumleeKH (ed), Clinical veterinary toxicology. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
  28. ZralýZ, BendováJ, SvecováD, et al. 1997. Effects of oral intake of nitrates on reproductive functions of bulls. Vet Med (Praha)42:345. PUBMED Abstract
  29. AllenAL, DoigeCE, FretzPB, et al. 1994. Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and concurrent musculoskeletal deformities in western Canadian foals: reexamination of a previously described syndrome. Can Vet J35:31. PUBMED Abstract
  30. AllenAL, TownsendHG, DoigeCE, et al. 1996. A case-control study of the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. Can Vet J37:349. PUBMED Abstract
  31. SlenningBD, GaleyFD, AndersonM. 1991. Forage related nitrate toxicoses possibly confounded by non-protein nitrogen and monesin in the diet used at a dairy heifer replacement operation. J Am Vet Med Assoc198:867. PUBMED Abstract
  32. DomangeC, CasteignauA, CollignonG, et al. 2010. Longitudinal study of Australia stringhalt cases in France. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)94:712. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Riet-CorreaF, BarrosSS, MéndesMC, et al. 2009. Axonal degeneration in sheep caused by the ingestion of Halimium brasiliense. J Vet Diagn Invest21:478. PUBMED Abstract
  34. BandarraPM, PavariniSP, RaymundoDL, et al. 2010. Trema micrantha toxicity in horses in Brazil. Equine Vet J42:456. PUBMED Abstract
  35. NaidooV. 2012. Datura species and related plants, pp 1152-1160. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles, ed 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  36. PanterKE, WelchKD, GardnerDR, et al. 2012. Poisonous plants of the United States, pp 1031-1079. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles, ed 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  37. Cawdell-SmithAJ, ScrivenerCJ, BrydenWL. 2010. Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali. Aust Vet J88:393. PUBMED Abstract
  38. JohnstoneLK, MayhewIG, FletcherLR. 2012. Clinical expression of lolitrem B (perennial ryegrass) intoxication in horses. Equine Vet J44:304. PUBMED Abstract
  39. CookD, GardnerDR, WelchKD, et al. 2009. Quantitative PCR method to measure the fungal endophyte in locoweeds. J Agric Food Chem57:6050. PUBMED Abstract
  40. DurandR, FiguerdoJM, MendozaE. 1999. Intoxication in cattle from Cestrum diurnum. Vet Hum Toxicol41:26. PUBMED Abstract
  41. StegelmeierBL, DavisTZ, GreenBT, et al. 2010. Experimental rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora) toxicosis in goats. J Vet Diagn Invest22:570. PUBMED Abstract
  42. EvansTJ, GuptaRC. 2012. Tremorgenic mycotoxins, pp 1231-1238. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles, ed 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  43. ValbergSJ, SponsellerBT, HegemanAD, et al. 2012. Seasonal pasture myopathy/atypical myopathy in North America associated with ingestion of hypoglycin A within seeds of the box elder tree. Equine Vet J45:419. PUBMED Abstract
  44. van der KolkJH, WijnbergID, WestermannCM, et al. 2010. Equine acquired multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) in 14 horses associated with ingestion of maple leaves (Acer pseudoplatanus) covered with European tar spot (Rhytisma acerinum). Mol Genet Metab101:289. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Unger-TorroledoL, StraubR, LehmannCM, et al. 2010. Lethal toxin of Clostridium sordelli is associated with fatal equine atypical myopathy. Vet Microbiol144:457. PUBMED Abstract
  46. van GalenG, Marcillaud PitelC, SaegermanC, et al. 2012. European outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing equids (2006-2009): spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features. Equine Vet J44:614. PUBMED Abstract
  47. VerheyenT, DecloedtA, De ClercqD, et al. 2012. Cardiac changes in horses with atypical myopathy. J Vet Intern Med26:1019. PUBMED Abstract
  48. SponsellerBT, ValbergSJ, SchultzNE, et al. 2012. Equine multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) associated with seasonal pasture myopathy in the Midwestern United States. J Vet Intern Med26:1012. PUBMED Abstract
  49. VerstraeteB, Van ElstD, SteynH, et al. 2011. Endophytic bacteria in toxic South African plants: identification, phylogeny and possible involvement in gousiekte. PLOS ONE6:e19265. PUBMED Abstract
  50. ZoltaniCZ. 2012. Cardiovascular toxicity, pp 235-245. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles, ed 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  51. WoodsLW, FiligenziMS, BoothMC, et al. 2004. Summer pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis) poisoning in three horses. Vet Pathol41:215. PUBMED Abstract
  52. AlwardA, CorriherCA, BartonMH, et al. 2006. Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: a retrospective study of 32 cases. J Vet Intern Med20:1197. PUBMED Abstract
  53. BinevR, ValchevI, NikolovJ. 2006. Clinical and pathological studies on intoxication in horses from freshly cut Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)-contaminated maize intended for ensiling. J S Afr Vet Assoc77:215. PUBMED Abstract
  54. StegelmeierBL, SaniY, PfisterJA. 2009. Baccharis pteronioides toxicity in livestock and hamsters. J Vet Diagn Invest21:208. PUBMED Abstract
  55. MartinsonK, HovdaL, MurphyM. 2007. Plants poisonous or harmful to horses in the north central United States. University of Minnesota Extension Publication No. 08491.
  56. MasudaEK, KommersGD, MartinsTB, et al. 2011. Morphological factors as indicators of malignancy of squamous cell carcinomas in cattle exposed naturally to bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). J Comp Pathol144:48. PUBMED Abstract
  57. CollettMG, ThompsonKG, ChristieRJ. 2011. Photosensitisation, crystal-associated cholangiohepathopathy, and acute renal tubular necrosis in calves following ingestion of Phytolacca octandra (inkweed). N Z Vet J59:147. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Oliveira-FilhoJP, CagniniDQ, BadialPR, et al. 2012. Hepatoencephalopathy syndrome due to Cassia occidentalis (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) seed ingestion in horses. Equine Vet J45:240. PUBMED Abstract
  59. WelchKD, GardnerDR, PfisterJA, et al. 2012. A comparison of the metabolism of the abortifacient compounds from ponderosa pine needles in conditioned versus naïve cattle. J Anim Sci90:4611. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Riet-CorreaF, MedeirosRH, SchildAL. 2012. A review of poisonous plants that cause reproductive failure and malformations in the ruminants of Brazil. J Appl Toxic32:245. PUBMED Abstract
  61. LeeST, PanterKE, PfisterJA, et al. 2008. The effect of body condition on serum concentrations of two teratogenic alkaloids (anagyrine and ammodendrine) from lupines (Lupinus species) that cause crooked calf disease. J Anim Sci86:2771. PUBMED Abstract
  62. SilvaCA, MerktH, BergamoPN, et al. 1987. Consequence of excess iodine supply in a Thoroughbred stud in southern Brazil. J Reprod Fertil Suppl35:529. PUBMED Abstract
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  64. EvansTJ, BlodgettDJ, RottinghausGE. 2012. Fescue toxicosis, pp 1166-1177. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles, ed 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  65. NaudèTW, BothaCJ, VorsterJH, et al. 2005. Claviceps cyperi, a new cause of severe ergotism in dairy cattle consuming maize silage and teff hay contaminated with ergotised Cyperus esculentus (nut sedge) on the Highveld of South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res72:23. PUBMED Abstract
  66. EvansTJ. 2011. The endocrine disruptive effects of ergopeptine alkaloids on pregnant mares, pp 165-173. In ToribioRE (ed), Endocrine diseases. Vet Clin Equine 27(1). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. PUBMED Abstract
  67. YoungbloodRC, FilipovNM, RudeBJ, et al. 2004. Effects of short-term early gestational exposure to endophyte-infected tall fescue diets on plasma 3,4-dihydroxylphenyl acetic acid and fetal development in mares. J Anim Sci82:2919. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Cawdell-SmithAJ, ScrivenerCJ, BrydenWL. 2010. Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali. Aust Vet J88:393. PUBMED Abstract
  69. BourkeCA, HuntE, WatsonR. 2009. Fescue-associated oedema of horses grazing on endophyte-inoculated tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea) pastures. Aust Vet J87:492. PUBMED Abstract
  70. EvansTJ. 2002. Endocrine alterations associated with ergopeptine alkaloid exposure during equine pregnancy, pp 371-378. In Vet Clin Equine18(2). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. PUBMED Abstract
  71. ThompsonFN, StuedemannJA, HillNS. 2001. Anti-quality factors associated with alkaloids in eastern temperate pasture. J Range Manage54:474.
  72. NicholsonSS. 2011. Southeastern plants toxic to ruminants, pp 447-458. In OsweilerGD (ed), Ruminant toxicology. Vet Clin Food Anim 27(2). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. PUBMED Abstract
  73. GeorRJ, BeckerRK, KanaraEW, et al. 1992. Toxicosis in horses after ingestion of hoary alyssum. J Am Vet Med Assoc201:63. PUBMED Abstract
  74. HovdaLR, RoseML. 1993. Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) toxicity in a herd of broodmare horses. Vet Hum Toxicol35:39. PUBMED Abstract
  75. BelknapJK. 2010. Black walnut extract: an inflammatory model, pp 95-101. In PollittCC (ed), Advances in laminitis. Part 1. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract26(1). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. PUBMED Abstract
  76. HerdtTH, HoffB. 2011. The use of blood analysis to evaluate trace mineral status in ruminant livestock, pp 255-283. In OsweilerGD (ed), Ruminant toxicology. Vet Clin Food Anim 27(2). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. PUBMED Abstract
  77. RaisbeckMF, RikerSL, TateCM, et al. 2008. Water quality for Wyoming livestock and wildlife, a review of the literature pertaining to health effects of inorganic contaminants. University of Wyoming Department of Veterinary Sciences, UW Department of Renewable Resources, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, B-1183. [WWW page]. http://deq.state.wy.us/wqd/wqd_home/announcements/final draft_1.pdf, retrieved Nov 29, 2012.
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  80. ReyersF, NaudèTW. 2012. Oxalate-containing plants, pp 1128-1139. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles, ed 2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
  81. FairleyRA, WilliamsSJ, FinniganCE, et al. 2012. The occurrence of hypocalaemia in mid lactation dairy cattle after the consumption of large amounts of fat-hen (Chenopodium album). N Z Vet J60:261. PUBMED Abstract
  82. CaoL, HoneymanTW, CooneyR, et al. 2004. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary event in renal cell oxalate toxicity. Kidney Int66:1890. PUBMED Abstract

Blue-Green Algae

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  2. MezK, BeattieKA, CoddGA, et al. 1997. Identification of a microcystin in benthic cyanobacteria linked to cattle deaths on Alpine pastures in Switzerland. Eur J Phycol32:111.
  3. BriandE, YepremianC, HumbertJF, et al. 2008. Competition between microcystin- and non-microcystin-producing Planktothrix agardhii (cyanobacteria) strains under different environmental conditions. Environ Microbiol10:3337. PUBMED Abstract
  4. VezieC, BrientL, SivonenK, et al. 1998. Variation of microcystin content of cyanobacterial blooms and isolated strains in Lake Grand-Lieu (France). Microb Ecol35:126. PUBMED Abstract
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  7. NaegeliH, SahinA, BraunU, et al. 1997. [Sudden death of Alpine cattle in the Canton Graubunden]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd139:201. PUBMED Abstract
  8. NasriAB, BouaichaN, FastnerJ. 2004. First report of a microcystin-containing bloom of the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in Lake Oubeira, Eastern Algeria. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol46:197. PUBMED Abstract
  9. PuschnerB, HoffB, TorER. 2008. Diagnosis of antitoxin-a poisoning in dogs from North America. J Vet Diagn Invest20:89. PUBMED Abstract
  10. PuschnerB, PrattC, TorER. 2010. Treatment and diagnosis of a dog with fulminant neurological deterioration due to anatoxin-a intoxication. J Vet Emer Crit Care20:518. PUBMED Abstract
  11. WoodSA, SelwoodAI, RueckertA, et al. 2007. First report of homoanatoxin-a and associated dog neurotoxicosis in New Zealand. Toxicon50:292. PUBMED Abstract
  12. StewartI, SeawrightAA, ShawGR. 2008. Cyanobacterial poisoning in livestock, wild mammals and birds—an overview. Adv Exp Med Biol619:613. PUBMED Abstract
  13. CarmichaelWW, LiR. 2006. Cyanobacteria toxins in the Salton Sea. Saline Systems2:5. PUBMED Abstract
  14. GaleyFD, BeasleyVR, CarmichaelWW, et al. 1987. Blue-green-algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) hepatotoxicosis in dairy cows. Am J Vet Res48:1415. PUBMED Abstract
  15. PuschnerB, GaleyFD, JohnsonB, et al. 1998. Blue-green algae toxicosis in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc213:1605. PUBMED Abstract
  16. HooserSB, BeasleyVR, LovellRA, et al. 1989. Toxicity of microcystin LR, a cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin from Microcystis aeruginosa, to rats and mice. Vet Pathol26:246. PUBMED Abstract
  17. PuschnerB, RoegnerAF. 2012. Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxins, p 953. In GuptaRC (ed), Veterinary toxicology. Basic and clinical principles. Elsevier, New York, NY.
  18. CarbisCR, SimonsJA, MitchellGF, et al. 1994. A biochemical profile for predicting the chronic exposure of sheep to Microcystis aeruginosa, a hepatotoxic species of blue-green alga. Res Vet Sci57:310. PUBMED Abstract
  19. GiannuzziL, SedanD, EcheniqueR, et al. 2011. An acute case of intoxication with cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in recreational water in Salto Grande Dam, Argentina. Mar Drugs9:2164. PUBMED Abstract
  20. WoodSA, DietrichDR. 2011. Quantitative assessment of aerosolized cyanobacterial toxins at two New Zealand lakes. J Environ Monit13:1617. PUBMED Abstract
  21. BogialliS, BrunoM, CuriniR, et al. 2005. Simple assay for analyzing five microcystins and nodularin in fish muscle tissue: hot water extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem53:6586. PUBMED Abstract
  22. ChenJ, ZhangD, XieP, et al. 2009. Simultaneous determination of microcystin contaminations in various vertebrates (fish, turtle, duck and water bird) from a large eutrophic Chinese lake, Lake Taihu, with toxic microcystis blooms. Sci Total Environ407:3317.
  23. OttJL, CarmichaelWW. 2006. LC/ESI/MS method development for the analysis of hepatotoxic cyclic peptide microcystins in animal tissues. Toxicon47:734. PUBMED Abstract
  24. OrrPT, JonesGJ, HunterRA, et al. 2003. Exposure of beef cattle to sub-clinical doses of Microcystis aeruginosa: toxin bioaccumulation, physiological effects and human health risk assessment. Toxicon41:613. PUBMED Abstract
  25. OrrPT, JonesGJ, HunterRA, et al. 2001. Ingestion of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa by dairy cattle and the implications for microcystin contamination of milk. Toxicon39:1847. PUBMED Abstract
  26. GuggerM, LenoirS, BergerC, et al. 2005. First report in a river in France of the benthic cyanobacterium Phormidium favosum producing anatoxin-a associated with dog neurotoxicosis. Toxicon45:919. PUBMED Abstract
  27. PuschnerB, HoffB, TorER. 2008. Diagnosis of anatoxin-a poisoning in dogs from North America. J Vet Diagn Invest20:89. PUBMED Abstract
  28. PuschnerB, PrattC, TorER. 2010. Treatment and diagnosis of a dog with fulminant neurological deterioration due to anatoxin-a intoxication. J Vet Emerg Crit Care20:518. PUBMED Abstract
  29. ThomasP, StephensM, WilkieG, et al. 1993. (+)-Anatoxin-a is a potent agonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurochem60:2308. PUBMED Abstract
  30. CookWO, IwamotoGA, SchaefferDJ, et al. 1990. Pathophysiologic effects of anatoxin-a(S) in anaesthetized rats: the influence of atropine and artificial respiration. Pharmacol Toxicol67:151. PUBMED Abstract
  31. MereishKA, SolowR. 1990. Effect of antihepatotoxic agents against microcystin-LR toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Pharm Res7:256. PUBMED Abstract
  32. HydeEG, CarmichaelWW. 1991. Anatoxin-a(S), a naturally occurring organophosphate, is an irreversible active site-directed inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (Ec 3.1.1.7). J Biochem Toxicol6:195. PUBMED Abstract

Mycotoxins

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  12. OsweilerGD, TrampleDW. 1985. Aflatoxicosis in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc187:636. PUBMED Abstract
  13. RayAC, AbbittB, CotterSR, et al. 1986. Bovine abortion and death associated with consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts. J Am Vet Med Assoc188:1187. PUBMED Abstract
  14. ColvinBM, HarrisonLR, GosserHS, et al. 1984. Aflatoxicosis in feeder cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc184:956. PUBMED Abstract
  15. PanangalaVS, GianbroneJJ, DienerUL, et al. 1986. Effects of aflatoxin on the growth performance and immune responses of weanling swine. Am J Vet Res47:2062. PUBMED Abstract
  16. CookWO, RichardJL, OsweilerJD, et al. 1986. Clinical and pathologic changes in acute bovine aflatoxicosis: rumen motility and tissue and fluid concentrations of aflatoxins B1 and M1. Am J Vet Res47:1817. PUBMED Abstract
  17. AgnesVF, AkbarshaMA. 2003. Spermatotoxic effect of aflatoxin B-1 in the albino mouse. Food Chem Toxicol41:119. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Van VleetTR, KleinPJ, CoulombeRAJr. 2002. Metabolism and cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B-1 in cytochrome P-450-expressing human lung cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A65:853. PUBMED Abstract
  19. AngsubhakornS, PoomvisesB, RomruenK, et al. 1981. Aflatoxicosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc178:274. PUBMED Abstract
  20. BeaverRW, WildomDM, JamesMA, et al. 1990. Distribution of aflatoxins in tissues of growing pigs fed an aflatoxin-contaminated diet amended with a high-affinity aluminosilicate sorbent. Vet Hum Toxicol32:16. PUBMED Abstract
  21. HarveyRB, KubenaLF, PhillipsTD, et al. 1989. Prevention of aflatoxicosis by addition of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to the diets of growing barrows. Am J Vet Res50:416. PUBMED Abstract
  22. HarveyRB, PhillipsTD, EllisJA, et al. 1991. Effects on aflatoxin M1 residues in milk by addition of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to aflatoxin-contaminated diets of dairy cows. Am J Vet Res52:1556. PUBMED Abstract
  23. PhillipsTD. 1999. Dietary clay in the chemoprevention of aflatoxin-induced disease. Toxicol Sci52 (2 suppl):118. PUBMED Abstract
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  26. CoteLM, ReynoldsJD, VesonderRF, et al. 1984. Survey of vomitoxin-contaminated feed grains in midwestern United States, and associated health problems in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc184:189. PUBMED Abstract
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  29. KorostelevaSN, SmithTK, BoermansHJ. 2009. Effects of feed naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on metabolism and immunity of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci92:1585. PUBMED Abstract
  30. ColellaC. 2011. A critical reconsideration of biomedical and veterinary applications of natural zeolites. Clay Min46:295.
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  32. KolosovaA, StrokaJ. 2012. Evaluation of the effect of mycotoxin binders in animal feed on the analytical performance of standardised methods for the determination of mycotoxins in feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess29:1959. PUBMED Abstract
  33. MeerdinkGL. 2004. Zearalenone, p 273. In PlumleeKH (ed), Clinical veterinary toxicology. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
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  38. OsweilerGD, RossPF, WilsonTM, et al. 1992. Characterization of an epizootic of pulmonary edema in swine associated with fumonisin in corn screenings. J Vet Diagn Invest4:53. PUBMED Abstract
  39. WangE, et al. 1991. Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins. J Biol Chem266:14486. PUBMED Abstract
  40. ThielPG, ShephardGS, SydenhamEW, et al. 1991. Levels of fumonisins B1 and B2 in feeds associated with confirmed cases of equine leukoencephalomalacia. J Agric Food Chem39:109.
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  50. EvansTJ. 2011. Endocrine disruptive effects of ergopeptine alkaloids on pregnant mares. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract27:165. PUBMED Abstract
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  53. RottinghausGE, GarnerG, CornellC, et al. 1991. An HPLC method for quantitating ergovaline in endophyte-infested tall fescue: seasonal variation of ergovaline levels in stems with leaf sheaths, leaf blades, and seed heads. J Agric Food Chem39:112.
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  56. YoungJC. 1981. Variability in the content and composition of alkaloids found in Canadian ergot II: wheat. J Environ Sci HealthB16:381.
  57. YoungJC, ChenZ-J. 1982. Variability in the content and composition of alkaloid found in Canadian ergot III: triticale and wheat. J Environ Sci HealthB17:93. PUBMED Abstract
  58. EvansTJ, YoungquistRS, LochWE, et al. 1999. A comparison of the relative efficacies of domperidone and reserpine in treating equine “fescue toxicosis.”Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract45:207.
  59. DennisSB, AllenVG, SakerKE, et al. 1998. Influence of Neotyphodium coenophialum on copper accumulation in tall fescue. J Anim Sci76:2687. PUBMED Abstract
  60. BurkeJM, SpiersDE, KojimaFN, et al. 2001. Interaction of endophyte-infected fescue and heat stress on ovarian function in the beef heifer. Biol Reprod65:260. PUBMED Abstract
  61. SchuenemannGM, WallerJC, HopkinsFM, et al. 2005. Effects of administration of ergotamine tartrate on fertility of yearling beef bulls. Theriogenology63:1407. PUBMED Abstract
  62. BurkeJM, SpiersDE, KojimaFN, et al. 2006. Reproductive responses of ram lambs under short-term exposure to endophyte-infected tall fescue seed. Small Ruminant Res66:12163.
  63. LooperML. 2009. Influence of toxic endophyte-infected fescue on sperm characteristics and endocrine factors of yearling Brahman-influenced bulls. J Anim Sci87:1184. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Tor-AgbidyeJ, BlytheLL, CraigAM. 2001. Correlation of endophyte toxins (ergovaline and lolitrem B) with clinical disease: fescue foot and perennial ryegrass staggers. Vet Hum Toxicol43:140. PUBMED Abstract
  65. AikenGE, StricklandJR. 2013. Forages and pastures symposium: managing the tall fescue-fungal endophyte symbiosis for optimum forage-animal production. J Anim Sci91:2369. PUBMED Abstract
  66. CurtisLE, KallenbachRL, RobertsCA. 2008. Allocating forage to fall-calving cow-calf pairs strip-grazing stockpiled tall fescue. J Anim Sci86:780. PUBMED Abstract
  67. BourkeCA, HuntE, WatsonR. 2009. Fescue-associated oedema of horses grazing on endophyte-inoculated tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea) pastures. Aust Vet J87:492. PUBMED Abstract

Rattlesnake Bites

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  2. FieldingCL, PusterlaN, MagdesianKG, et al. 2011. Rattlesnake envenomation in horses: 58 cases (1992-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc238:631. PUBMED Abstract
  3. DickinsonCE, Traub-DargatzJL, DargatzDA, et al. 1996. Rattlesnake venom poisoning in horses: 32 cases (1973-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc208:1866. PUBMED Abstract
  4. LawlerJB, FryeMA, BeraMM, et al. 2008. Third-degree atrioventricular block in a horse secondary to rattlesnake envenomation. J Vet Intern Med22:486. PUBMED Abstract
  5. PetersonME, MatzM, SeiboldK, et al. 2011. A randomized multicenter trial of Crotalidae polyvalent immune F(ab) antivenom for the treatment of rattlesnake envenomation in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care21:335. PUBMED Abstract
  6. DartRC, FryeMA, BeraMM, et al. 2001. A randomized multicenter trial of crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment for crotaline snakebite in the United States. Arch Intern Med161:2030. PUBMED Abstract
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  8. RayAC, KyleAL, MurphyMJ, et al. 1989. Etiologic agents, incidence, and improved diagnostic methods of cantharidin toxicosis in horses. Am J Vet Res50:187. PUBMED Abstract
  9. PereiraSR, VasconcelosVM, AntunesA. 2011. The phosphoprotein phosphatase family of Ser/Thr phosphatases as principal targets of naturally occurring toxins. Crit Rev Toxicol41:83. PUBMED Abstract
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  11. RayAC, PostLO, HurstJM, et al. 1980. Evaluation of an analytical method for the diagnosis of cantharidin toxicosis due to ingestion of blister beetles (Epicauta lemniscata) by horses and sheep. Am J Vet Res41:932. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Metals and Other Inorganic Compounds PUBMED Abstract

MorganSE, MorganGL, EdwardsWC. 1984. Pinpointing the source of arsenic poisoning in a herd of cattle. Vet Med79:1525.

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  20. BulginMS, MaasJ, AndersonBC, et al. 1986. Death associated with parenteral administration of copper disodium edetate in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc186:406. PUBMED Abstract
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  24. JungeRE, ThornburgL. 1989. Copper poisoning in four llamas. J Am Vet Med Assoc195:987. PUBMED Abstract
  25. KerrLA, McGavinHD. 1991. Chronic copper poisoning in sheep grazing pastures fertilized with swine manure. J Am Vet Med Assoc198:99. PUBMED Abstract
  26. PerrinDJ, SchieferHB, BlakleyBR. 1990. Chronic copper toxicity in a dairy herd. Can Vet J31:629. PUBMED Abstract
  27. ParadaR, GonzalezS, BergqvistE. 1987. Industrial pollution with copper and other heavy metals in a beef cattle ranch. Vet Hum Toxicol29:122. PUBMED Abstract
  28. GummowB, BothaCJ, BassonAT, et al. 1991. Copper toxicity in ruminants: air pollution as a possible cause. Onderstepoort J Vet Res58:33. PUBMED Abstract
  29. BantonMI, NicholsonSS, JowettPL, et al. 1987. Copper toxicosis in cattle fed chicken litter. J Am Vet Med Assoc191:827. PUBMED Abstract
  30. SullivanJM, JanovitzEB, RobinsonFR. 1991. Copper toxicosis in veal calves. J Vet Diagn Invest3:161. PUBMED Abstract
  31. JenkinsKJ, HidiroglouM. 1989. Tolerance of the calf for excess copper in milk replacer. J Dairy Sci72:150. PUBMED Abstract
  32. HumphriesWR, MorricePC, MitchellAN. 1987. Copper poisoning in Angora goats. Vet Rec121:231. PUBMED Abstract
  33. TremblayRRM, BairdJD. 1991. Chronic copper poisoning in two Holstein cows. Cornell Vet81:205. PUBMED Abstract
  34. BidewellCA, LiveseyCT. 2002. Copper poisoning: an emerging disease in dairy cattle. State Vet J12:16.
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  36. CHBradley. 1993. Copper poisoning in a dairy herd fed a mineral supplement. Can Vet J34:287. PUBMED Abstract
  37. WardJD, SpearsJW, GengelbachGP. 1995. Differences in copper status and copper metabolism between Angus and Simmental cattle. J Anim Sci73:571. PUBMED Abstract
  38. DuZ, HemkenRW, HarmonRJ. 1996. Copper metabolism of Holstein and Jersey cows and heifers fed diets high in cupric sulfate or copper proteinate. J Dairy Sci79:1873. PUBMED Abstract
  39. EngleTE, FellnerV, SpearsJW. 2001. Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in Holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper. J Dairy Sci84:2308. PUBMED Abstract
  40. KlasingKC, GoffJP, GregerJL, et al. 2005. Copper, pp 134-153. In Mineral tolerance of animals, ed 2. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
  41. MinervinoAHH, BarretoRA, GenilsonF, et al. 2008. Predictive values of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase for the hepatic accumulation of copper in cattle and buffalo. J Vet Diagn Invest20:791. PUBMED Abstract
  42. HumphriesWR, MorricePC, BremnerI. 1988. A convenient method for the treatment of chronic copper poisoning in sheep using subcutaneous ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Vet Rec123:51. PUBMED Abstract
  43. SymondsHW, KeY. 1989. Enhancement of tetrathiomolybdate-induced copper excretion in bile of sheep by the α2-agonistic action of xylazine. Res Vet Sci46:349. PUBMED Abstract
  44. BothaCJ, NaudeTW, SwanGE, et al. 1993. The cupruretic effect of two chelators following copper loading in sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol35:409. PUBMED Abstract
  45. PulsR. 1994. Iodine, pp 120-122. In Mineral levels in animal health, ed 2. Sherpa International, Clearbrook, BC.
  46. OsweilerGD, CarsonTL, BuckWB, et al. 1985. Iodine, pp 145-151. In Clinical and diagnostic veterinary toxicology, ed 3. Kendall Hunt, Dubuque, IA.
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  48. OlsonWG, StevensJB, AndersonJ, et al. 1984. Iodine toxicosis in six herds of dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc184:179. PUBMED Abstract
  49. HouseIK, SmithBP, MaasJ, et al. 1994. Hemochromatosis in Salers cattle. J Vet Intern Med8:105. PUBMED Abstract
  50. NorrdinRW, HoopesKJ, O'TooleD. 2004. Skeletal changes in hemochromatosis of Salers cattle. Vet Pathol41:612. PUBMED Abstract
  51. EdensLM, RobertsonJL, FeldmanBF. 1993. Cholestatic hepatopathy, thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia associated with iron toxicity in a Thoroughbred gelding. Equine Vet J25:81. PUBMED Abstract
  52. DiversTJ, WarnerA, VaalaWE, et al. 1983. Toxic hepatic failure in newborn foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc183:1407. PUBMED Abstract
  53. RuhrLP, NicholsonSS, ConferAW, et al. 1983. Acute intoxication from a hematinic in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc182:616. PUBMED Abstract
  54. HolterJA, CarsonTL, WitteST. 1990. Acute iron intoxication in a herd of young bulls. J Vet Diag Invest2:229. PUBMED Abstract
  55. MullaneyTP, BrownCM. 1988. Iron toxicity in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J20:119. PUBMED Abstract
  56. AlbretsenJC. 2004. Iron, pp 202-204. In PlumleeH (ed), Clinical veterinary toxicology. Mosby, St Louis.
  57. EnsleySM. 2004. Mercury, pp 210-211. In PlumleeKH (ed), Clinical veterinary toxicology. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
  58. MarkelMD, DyerRM, HattelAL. 1984. Acute renal failure associated with application of a mercuric blister. J Am Vet Med Assoc185:92. PUBMED Abstract
  59. SchuhJCL, RossC, MeschterC. 1988. Concurrent mercuric blister and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) application as a cause of mercury toxicity in two horses. Equine Vet J20:68. PUBMED Abstract
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Medications and Therapeutic Agents

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  5. ModricT, ModricS, MurphyM, et al. 2011. Safety of antibiotic drugs in food animals: comparison of findings from preapproval studies and post approval experience in the United States with safety information in published literature. Vet Clin Food Anim27:389. PUBMED Abstract
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  8. RiondJL, RiviereJE, DuckettWM, et al. 1992. Cardiovascular effects and fatalities associated with intravenous administration of doxycycline to horses and ponies. Equine Vet J24:41. PUBMED Abstract
  9. BrihoumM, AmoryH, DesmechtD, et al. 2010. Descriptive study of 32 cases of doxycycline-overdosed calves. J Vet Intern Med24:1203. PUBMED Abstract
  10. BrihoumM, RollinF, DesmechtD, et al. 2011. Clinical evaluation of cardiac effects of experimental doxycycline overdosing in healthy calves. BMC Vet Res7:40. PUBMED Abstract
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  16. KaartinenL, PyoralaS, MoilanenM. 1997. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in newborn and one-week old calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther20:479. PUBMED Abstract
  17. ThompsonJA, MirzaMH, BarkerSA, et al. 2011. Clenbuterol toxicosis in three Quarter Horse racehorses after administration of a compounded product. J Am Vet Med Assoc239:842. PUBMED Abstract
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  19. PlumbDL. 2011. Clenbuterol, pp 229-230. PlumbDL (ed), In Plumb's veterinary drug handbook, ed 7. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
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  21. BairdJD, MaylinGA. 2011. Adverse side effects in horses following the administration of fluphenazine decanoate, pp 57-61. Proceedings of the 57th Annual AAEP Forum, San Antonio, TX.
  22. BairdJD, ArroyoLG, VengustM, et al. 2006. Adverse extrapyramidal effects in four horses given fluphenazine decanoate. J Am Vet Med Assoc229:104. PUBMED Abstract
  23. BrashierM. 2009. Fluphenazine toxicosis, pp 19-21. In RobinsonNE, SprayberryKA (eds), Current therapy equine practice, ed 6. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
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  25. LloydK, TullenersE. Reserpine toxicosis in a horse. 1985. J Am Vet Med Assoc186:980. PUBMED Abstract
  26. MemonMA, UsenikEA, MeyersPJ. 1988. Penile paralysis and paraphimosis associated with reserpine administration in a stallion. Therio30:411. PUBMED Abstract
  27. BidwellLA, SchottHC, DerksenFJ. 2007. Reserpine toxicosis in an aged gelding. Eq Vet Educ19:341.
  28. PiercyRJ, SwardsonCJ, HinchcliffKW. 1998. Erythroid hypoplasia and anemia following administration of recombinant human erythropoietin to two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc212:244. PUBMED Abstract
  29. LasneF, PopotM, Varlet-MarieE, et al. 2005. Detection of recombinant epoetin and darbepoetin alpha after subcutaneous administration in the horse. J Anal Tox29:835. PUBMED Abstract
  30. McKeeverKH, AgansJM, GeiserS, et al. 2006. Low dose exogenous erythropoietin elicits an ergogenic effect in Standardbred horses. Eq Vet J38:233. PUBMED Abstract
  31. CooperC, SearsW, BienzleD. 2005. Reticulocyte changes after experimental anemia and erythropoietin treatment of horses. J App Phys99:915. PUBMED Abstract
  32. ScharzwaldC, HinchcliffKW. 2004. Recombinant human erythropoietin as a cause of non-regenerative anemia in a stable of racing Thoroughbreds, pp 270-271. Proceedings of the 50th AAEP Annual 50th Convention, Denver, CO.
  33. SommervilleBA, PlumleeK. 1996. Acute isopropyl alcohol intoxication in a horse. Can Vet J37:359. PUBMED Abstract
  34. AlsupEM, DebowesRM. 1984. Dimethyl sulfoxide. J Am Vet Med Assoc185:1011. PUBMED Abstract
  35. SchuhJC, RossC, MeschterC. 1988. Concurrent mercuric blister and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) application as a cause of mercury toxicity in two horses. Equine Vet J20:68. PUBMED Abstract
  36. PlumbDC. 2011. Docusate sodium/docusate calcium, pp 348-349. In Plumb's veterinary drug handbook, ed 7. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
  37. MilliganM, BeardW, KukanichB, et al. 2007. The effect of lidocaine on postoperative jejunal motility in normal horses. Vet Surg36:214. PUBMED Abstract
  38. MeyerGA, LinHC, HansonRR, et al. 2001. Effects of intravenous lidocaine overdose on cardiac electrical activity and blood pressure in the horse. Equine Vet J33:434. PUBMED Abstract
  39. MaxieG, van DreumelTV, McMasterD, et al. 1992. Menadione toxicity in six horses. Can Vet J33:756. PUBMED Abstract
  40. RebhunWC, TennantBC, DillSG, et al. 1984. Vitamin K3 induced renal toxicosis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc184:1237. PUBMED Abstract
  41. DormanDC, HaschekWM. 1991. Fatal propylene glycol toxicosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc198:1643. PUBMED Abstract
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Feed Additives

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