Chapter 40 Diseases of the Skin

Autoimmune Skin Disorders

  1. Vandenabeele SI, White SD, Kass P, et al. 2004. Pemphigus foliaceus in the horse: 20 cases. Vet Dermatol 15:381. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Zabel S, Mueller RS, Fieseler KV, et al. 2005. Review of 15 cases of pemphigus foliaceus in horses and a survey of the literature. Vet Rec 157:505. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Pappalardo E, Abramo F, Noli C. 2002. Pemphigus foliaceus in a goat. Vet Dermatol 13:331. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Cornish J, Highland M. 2010. Successful treatment of juvenile pemphigus foliaceus in a Nigerian Dwarf goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236:674. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Bourdeau P, Baudry J. 2005. [Pemphigus-type bullous dermatosis associated with pregnancy in a female donkey]. Informations Dermatologiques Vétérinaries 11:19.
  6. White SD, Carlotti DN, Pin D, et al. 2002. Putative drug-induced pemphigus foliaceus in four dogs. Vet Dermatol 13:195. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Bizikova P, Dean GA, Hashimoto T, et al. 2012. Cloning and establishment of canine desmocollin-1 as a major autoantigen in canine pemphigus foliaceus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 149:197. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Scott DW, Miller WH Jr. 2003. Equine dermatology, ed 2. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  9. Scott DW. 1994. Marked acantholysis associated with dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton equinum in two horses. Vet Dermatol 5:105.
  10. Scott DW, Smith MC, Smith CA, et al. 1984. Pemphigus foliaceus in a goat. Agric Pract 5:38.
  11. Scott DW, Walton DK, Smith CA. 1984. Pitfalls in immunofluorescence testing in dermatology. III, Pemphigus-like antibodies in the horse and direct immunofluorescence testing in equine dermatophilosis. Cornell Vet 74:305. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, et al. 2002. Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses. Equine Vet J 34:283. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Humber KA, Beech J, Cudd TA, et al. 1991. Azathioprine for treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:591. PUBMED Abstract
  14. McGurrin MK, Arroyo LG, Bienzle D. 2004. Flow cytometric detection of platelet-bound antibody in three horses with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:83. PUBMED Abstract
  15. White SD, Rosychuk RA, Outerbridge CA, et al. 2000. Thiopurine methyltransferase in red blood cells of dogs, cats, and horses. J Vet Intern Med 14:499. PUBMED Abstract
  16. White SD, Maxwell LK, Szabo N, et al. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of azathioprine following single-dose intravenous and oral administration and effects of azathioprine following chronic oral administration in horses. Am J Vet Res 66:1578. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Winfield L, White SD, Affolter VK, et al. 2002. Pemphigus vulgaris in a Welsh pony stallion: diagnosis, attempted treatment and demonstration of antidesmoglein autoantibodies. Vet Dermatol 24:269. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Olivry T, Borrillo AK, Xu L, et al. 2000. Equine bullous pemphigoid IgG autoantibodies target linear epitopes in the NC16A ectodomain of collagen XVII (BP180, BPAG2). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 73:45. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Valentine BA, Bildfell RJ, Packham D, et al. 2012. Alopecia areata in two black Angus cows. J Vet Diagn Invest 24:405. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Timm K, Rüfenacht S, von Tscharner C, et al. 2010. Alopecia areata in Eringer cows. Vet Dermatol 21:545. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Bruet V, Degorce-Rubiales F, Abadie J, et al. 2008. Severe alopecia areata and onychodystrophy on all four feet of a French trotter mare. Vet Rec 162:758. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Hoolahan DE, White SD, Outerbridge CA, et al. 2013. Equine alopecia areata: a retrospective descriptive study at the University of California-Davis (1980-2011). Vet Dermatol 24:282. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Colombo S, Keen JA, Brownstein DG, et al. 2004. Alopecia areata with lymphocytic mural folliculitis affecting the isthmus in a thoroughbred mare. Vet Dermatol 15:260. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Tobin DJ, Alhaidari Z, Olivry T. 1998. Equine alopecia areata autoantibodies target multiple hair follicle antigens and may alter hair growth. A preliminary study. Exp Dermatol 7:289. PUBMED Abstract

Hypersensitivity Disorders

  1. Rees CA. 2001. Response to immunotherapy in six related horses with urticaria secondary to atopy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:753. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, et al. 2001. Comparison of immediate intradermal test reactivity with serum IgE quantitation by use of a radioallergosorbent test and two ELISA in horses with and without atopy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1314. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Stepnik C, Outerbridge CA, White SD, et al. 2012. Equine atopic skin disease and response to allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT): a retrospective study at the University of California-Davis (1991-2008). Vet Dermatol 23:29. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Petersen A, Schott HC 2nd. 2009. Effects of dexamethasone and hydroxyzine treatment on intradermal testing and allergen-specific IgE serum testing results in horses. Vet Dermatol 20:615. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, et al. 2001. Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res 62:389. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, et al. 2001. Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis or recurrent urticaria. Am J Vet Res 62:1051. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Jose-Cunilleras E, Kohn CW, Hillier A, et al. 2001. Intradermal testing in healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recurrent urticaria, or allergic dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1115. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Wong DM, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Manning TO. 2005. Equine skin: structure, immunologic function, and methods of diagnosing disease. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 27:463.
  9. Morris DO, Lindborg S. 2003. Determination of “irritant” threshold concentrations for intradermal testing with allergenic insect extracts in normal horses. Vet Dermatol 14:31. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Wong DM, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Manning TO, et al. 2005. Evaluation of the precision of intradermal injection of control substances for intradermal testing in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 66:1341. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Dirikolu L, Lehner AF, Harkins JD, et al. 2009. Pyrilamine in the horse: detection and pharmacokinetics of pyrilamine and its major urinary metabolite O-desmethylpyrilamine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 32:66. PUBMED Abstract
  12. White SD. 2005. Advances in equine serologic and intradermal allergy testing. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:311.
  13. Tallarico NJ, Tallarico CM. 1998. Results of intradermal allergy testing and treatment by hyposensitization of 64 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, urticaria, headshaking, and/or reactive airway disease. J Vet Allergy Clin Immunol 6:25.
  14. Evans AG. 1986. Recurrent urticaria due to inhaled allergens. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  15. Omidi A. 2009. Anaphylactic reaction in a cow due to parenteral administration of penicillin-streptomycin. Can Vet J 50:741. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Scott DW, Miller WH Jr. 2003. Equine dermatology, ed 2. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  17. White SD. 2005. Equine bacterial and fungal diseases: a diagnostic and therapeutic update. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:302.
  18. Scott DW. 1988. Large animal dermatology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  19. Campbell SG. 1970. Milk allergy, an autoallergic disease of cattle. Cornell Vet 60:684. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Campbell SG. 1971. The milk proteins responsible for milk allergy, an autoallergic disease of cattle. J Allergy Clin Immunol 48:230. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Marshall C. 1991. Erythema multiforme in two horses. J S Afr Vet Assoc 62:133. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Stannard AA. 2000. Stannard's illustrated equine dermatology notes. Vet Dermatol 11:163.
  23. Affolter VK, Von Tscharner C. 1993. Cutaneous drug reactions: a retrospective study of histopathological changes and their correlation with the clinical disease. Vet Dermatol 4:79.
  24. Herder V, Barsnick R, Walliser U, et al. 2012. Equid herpesvirus 5-associated dermatitis in a horse–resembling herpes-associated erythema multiforme. Vet Microbiol 155:420. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Yeruham I, Perl S, Elad D. 1999. Nine cases of idiopathic toxic epidermal necrolysis in cattle in Israel. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:493. PUBMED Abstract
  26. White SD, Affolter VK, Dewey J, et al. 2009. Cutaneous vasculitis in equines: 72 cases. Vet Dermatol 20:60035. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Risberg AI, Webb CB, Cooley AJ, et al. 2005. Leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with Staphylococcus intermedius in the pastern of a horse. Vet Rec 156:740. PUBMED Abstract
  28. De Geest J, Muylle E, Deprez P. 1990. An outbreak of cutaneous vasculitis in newborn calves. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 59:7.
  29. Ferreras MC, Benavides J, Fuertes M, et al. 2013. Pathological features of systemic necrotizing vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa) in sheep. J Comp Pathol 149:74. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Ihrke PJ. 1983. Contact dermatitis. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  31. Campagnolo ER, Trock SC, Hungerford LL, et al. 1995. Outbreak of vesicular dermatitis among horses at a midwestern horse show. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:211. PUBMED Abstract

Bacterial Diseases

  1. Scott DW, Manning TO. 1980. Equine folliculitis and furunculosis. Equine Pract 2:11.
  2. Scanlan CM, Garrett PD, Geifer DB. 1984. Dermatophilus congolensis infections of cattle and sheep. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S4.
  3. Scott DW, Manning TO. 1984. Caprine dermatology. I. Normal skin and bacterial and fungal disorders. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S190.
  4. Outerbridge CA, Ihrke PJ. 2003. Folliculitis: staphylococcal pyoderma, dermatophilosis, dermatophytosis. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  5. Chatikobo P, Choga T, Ncube C, et al. 2009. Bovine dermatophilosis, a re-emerging pandemic disease in Zimbabwe. Trop Anim Health Prod 41:1289. PUBMED Abstract
  6. White SD. 2005. Equine bacterial and fungal diseases: a diagnostic and therapeutic update. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:302.
  7. Shimizu A, Kawano J, Ozaki J, et al. 1991. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from lesions of horses. J Vet Med Sci 53:601. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Chiers K, Decostere A, Devriese L, et al. 2003. Bacteriological and mycological findings and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci in equine skin infections. Vet Rec 152:138. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Inokuma H, Kanaya N, Fujii K, et al. 2003. Equine pyoderma associated with malnutrition and unhygienic conditions due to neglect in a herd. J Vet Med Sci 65:527. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Heffner KA, White SD, Frevert CW, et al. 1988. Corynebacterium folliculitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:89. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Yasuda R, Kawano J, Onda H, et al. 2000. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan. Am J Vet Res 61:1451. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Busscher JF, van Duijkeren E, Sloet van Oldruitenborg-Oosertbaan MM. 2006. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in healthy horses in the Netherlands. Vet Microbiol 113:131. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Weese JS, Rousseau J, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. 2005. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and humans who work with horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:580. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Cuny C, Kuemmerle J, Stanek C, et al. 2006. Emergence of MRSA infections in horses in a veterinary hospital: strain characterisation and comparison with MRSA from humans. Eur Surveill 11:44. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Weese JS, Caldwell F, Willey BM, et al. 2006. An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections resulting from horse to human transmission in a veterinary hospital. Vet Microbiol 114:160. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Hanselman BA, Kruth SA, Rousseau J, et al. 2006. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in veterinary personnel. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1933. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Weese JS, Rousseau J. 2005. Attempted eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in horses on two farms. Equine Vet J 37:510. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Peck KE, Matthews NS, Taylor TS, et al. 2002. Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses. Am J Vet Res 63:349. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Egerbacher M, Edinger J, Tschulenk W. 2001. Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on canine and equine chondrocytes in culture. Am J Vet Res 62:704. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Epstein K, Cohen N, Boothe D, et al. 2004. Pharmacokinetics, stability, and retrospective analysis of use of an oral gel formulation of the bovine injectable enrofloxacin in horses. Vet Ther 5:155. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Dunnett M, Richardson DW, Lees P. 2004. Detection of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in equine hair. Res Vet Sci 77:143. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Orsini JA, Snooks-Parsons C, Stine L, et al. 2005. Vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections in 15 horses. Can J Vet Res 69:278. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Marsella R, Akucewich L. 2007. Investigation on the clinical efficacy and tolerability of a 0.4% stannous fluoride preparation (MedEquine® Gel) for the treatment of bacterial skin infections in horses: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Vet Dermatol 18:444.
  24. Yeruham I, Perl S, Elad D, Avidar Y. 1999. A generalized staphylococcal scalded skin–like disease in lambs. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:635. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Yeruham I, Hadani A, Elad D, et al. 2002. Staphylococcal furunculosis in sheep severely infested by psoroptic mange. Aust Vet J 80:349. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Oliveira AM, MacKellar A, Hume L, et al. 2006. Immune responses to Staphylococcus aureus and Psoroptes ovis in sheep infected with P. ovis—the sheep scab mite. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 113:64. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Markel MD, Wheat JD, Jang SS. 1986. Cellulitis associated with coagulase-positive staphylococci in racehorses: nine cases (1975-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1600. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Biberstein EL, Jang SS, Hirsh DC. 1984. Species distribution of coagulase-positive staphylococci in animals. J Clin Microbiol 19:610. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Devriese LA, Nzuambe D, Godard C. 1985. Identification and characteristics of staphylococci isolated from lesions and normal skin of horses. Vet Microbiol 10:269. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Adam EN, Southwood LL. 2007. Primary and secondary limb cellulitis in horses: 44 cases (2000-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1696. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Spier SJ, Leutenegger CM, Carroll SP, et al. 2004. Use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction–based fluorogenic 5´ nuclease assay to evaluate insect vectors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in horses. Am J Vet Res 65:829. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Aleman M, Spier SJ, Wilson WD, et al. 1996. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses: 538 cases (1982-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:804. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Farstvedt EG, Hendrickson DA, Dickenson CE, et al. 2004. Treatment of suppurative facial cellulitis and panniculitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1139. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Pratt SM, Spier SJ, Carroll SP, et al. 2005. Evaluation of clinical characteristics, diagnostic test results, and outcome in horses with internal infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: 30 cases (1995-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:441. PUBMED Abstract

Digital Dermatitis (Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis, Bovine Digital Dermatitis, Foot Warts, Heel Warts, Hairy Foot Warts, Mortellaro's Disease, Strawberry Heel Warts)

  1. Cheli R, Mortellaro C. 1974. La Dermatite digitale del bovino. Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting on Diseases of Cattle, Sept 9-13, Milan, Italy.
  2. Read DH, Walker RL. 1998. Papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in California dairy cattle: clinical and gross pathologic findings. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:67. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Rebhun WC, Payne RM, King JM, et al. 1980. Interdigital papillomatosis in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 137:437. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Rodriguez-Lainz A, Hird DW, Walker RL, et al. 1996. Papillomatous digital dermatitis in 458 dairies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1464. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Wells SJ, Garber LP, Wagner B, et al. 1997. Papillomatous digital dermatitis on U.S. dairy operations (footwarts). National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS), Fort Collins, CO.
  6. Brizzi A. 1993. Bovine digital dermatitis. Bov Practition 27:33.
  7. Guard C. 2006. Quantification and the associated costs of lameness on today's dairies. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Sept 22-23, St Paul, MN.
  8. Blowey RW, Sharp MW. 1988. Digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec 122:505. PUBMED Abstract
  9. van Amstel SR, van Vuuren S, Tutt CL. 1995. Digital dermatitis: report of an outbreak. J S Afr Vet Assoc 66:177. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Rodriguez-Lainz A, DW Hird DW, Carpenter TE, et al. 1996. Case-control study of papillomatous digital dermatitis in southern California dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 28:117.
  11. Rodriguez-Lainz A, Melendez-Retamal P, Hird DW, et al. 1999. Farm- and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 42:87. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Holzhauer M, Hardenberg C, Bartels CJ, et al. 2006. Herd- and cow-level prevalence of digital dermatitis in the Netherlands and associated risk factors. J Dairy Sci 89:580. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Frankena K, Stassen EN, Noordhuizen JP, et al. 1991. Prevalence of lameness and risk indicators for dermatitis digitalis (Mortellaro disease) during pasturing and housing of dairy cattle. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Apr 17-19, London, UK.
  14. Wells SJ, Garber LP, Wagner BA. 1999. Papillomatous digital dermatitis and associated risk factors in US dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 38:11. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Read D, Walker R. 1996. Experimental transmission of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in cattle. Vet Pathol 33:607(Abstr).
  16. Read DH. 1997. Pathogenesis of experimental papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in cattle: bacterial morphotypes associated with early lesion development. 32(Abstr). Proceedings of the 78th Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Nov 10-11, Chicago, IL.
  17. Gomez A, Cook NB, Bernardoni ND, et al. 2012. An experimental infection model to induce digital dermatitis infection in cattle. J Dairy Sci 95:1821. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Blowey RW, Carter SD, White AG, et al. 1994. Borrelia burgdorferi infections in UK cattle: a possible association with digital dermatitis. Vet Rec 135:577. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Choi BK, Nattermann H, Grund S, et al. 1997. Spirochetes from digital dermatitis lesions in cattle are closely related to treponemes associated with human periodontitis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 4:7175. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Collighan RJ, Woodward MJ. 1997. Spirochaetes and other bacterial species associated with bovine digital dermatitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 156:37. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Dopfer D, Koopmans A, Meijer FA, et al. 1997. Histological and bacteriological evaluation of digital dermatitis in cattle, with special reference to spirochaetes and Campylobacter faecalis. Vet Rec 140:620. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Ohya T, Yamaguchi H, Ni Y, et al. 1999. Isolation of Campylobacter sputorum from lesions of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec 145:316. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Read DH, Walker RL, Castro AE, et al. 1992. An invasive spirochaete associated with interdigital papillomatosis of dairy cattle. Vet Rec 130:59. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Walker RL, Read DH, Loretz KJ, et al. 1995. Spirochetes isolated from dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis and interdigital dermatitis. Vet Microbiol 47:343. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Schroeder CM, Parlor KW, Marsh TL, et al. 2003. Characterization of the predominant anaerobic bacterium recovered from digital dermatitis lesions in three Michigan dairy cows. Anaerobe 9:151. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Evans NJ, Brown JM, Demirkan I, et al. 2009. Treponema pedis sp. nov., a spirochaete isolated from bovine digital dermatitis lesions. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:987. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Evans NJ, Brown JM, Demirkan I, et al. 2008. Three unique groups of spirochetes isolated from digital dermatitis lesions in UK cattle. Vet Microbiol 130:141. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Demirkan I, Williams HF, Dhawi A, et al. 2006. Characterization of a spirochaete isolated from a case of bovine digital dermatitis. J Appl Microbiol 101:948. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Evans NJ, Brown JM, Demirkan I, et al. 2009. Association of unique, isolated treponemes with bovine digital dermatitis lesions. J Clin Microbiol 47:689. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Walker RL, Read DH, Loretz KJ, et al. 1997. Humoral response of dairy-cattle to spirochetes isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions. Am J Vet Res 58:744. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Berry SL, Read DH, Walker RL, et al. 2010. Clinical, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in dairy cows with digital dermatitis (footwarts) one month after topical treatment with lincomycin hydrochloride or oxytetracycline hydrochloride. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 237:555. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Berry SL, Read DH, Famula TR, et al. 2012. Long-term observations on the dynamics of clinical cure and recurrence of bovine digital dermatitis lesions in dairy cows after topical treatment with lincomycin HCl. Vet J 193:654. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Berry SL, Graham TW, Mongini A, et al. 1999. The efficacy of Serpens spp bacterin combined with topical administration of lincomycin hydrochloride for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in cows on a dairy in California. Bov Practition 33:6.
  34. Laven RA, Hunt H. 2001. Comparison of valnemulin and lincomycin in the treatment of digital dermatitis by individually applied topical spray. Vet Rec 149:302. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Britt JS, Carson MC, vonBredow JD, et al. 1999. Antibiotic residues in milk samples obtained from cows after treatment for papillomatous digital dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:833. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Laven RA. 2006. Efficacy of systemic cefquinome and erythromycin against digital dermatitis in cattle. Vet Rec 159:19. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Mortellaro CM. 1994. Digital dermatitis. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Sept 10-14, Banff, Canada.
  38. Laven RA, Hunt H. 2002. Evaluation of copper sulphate, formalin and peracetic acid in footbaths for the treatment of digital dermatitis in cattle. Vet Rec 151:144. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Guard C. 1995. Recognizing and managing infectious causes of lameness in cattle. Proc Am Assoc Bov Praction 27:80.
  40. Zemljic B. 2007. Impact of different footbath solutions on claw health in dairy herds. Cattle Pract 15:320.
  41. Read DH, Walker RL. 1994. Papillomatous digital dermatitis of dairy cattle in California: clinical characteristics. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Sept 10-14, Banff, Canada.
  42. Blowey RW. 1994. Studies on the pathogenesis and control of digital dermatitis. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Sept 10-14, Banff, Canada.
  43. Read DH, Walker RL. 1994. Papillomatous digital dermatitis and associated lesions of dairy cattle in California: pathologic findings. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and International Conference on Bovine Lameness, Sept 10-14, Banff, Canada.

Viral Diseases

  1. Jelinek F, Tachezy R. 2005. Cutaneous papillomatosis in cattle. J Comp Pathol 132:70. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Uzal FA, Latorraca A, Ghoddusi M, et al. 2000. An apparent outbreak of cutaneous papillomatosis in merino sheep in Patagonia, Argentina. Vet Res Commun 24:197. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Manni V, Roperto F, Di Guardo G, et al. 1998. Presence of papillomavirus-like DNA sequences in cutaneous fibropapillomas of the goat udder. Vet Microbiol 61:1. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Ghim SJ, Rector A, Delius H, et al. 2004. Equine papillomavirus type 1: complete nucleotide sequence and characterization of recombinant virus-like particles composed of the EcPV-1 L1 major capsid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324:1108. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Pangty K, Singh S, Goswami R, et al. 2010. Detection of BPV-1 and -2 and quantification of BPV-1 by real-time PCR in cutaneous warts in cattle and buffaloes. Transbound Emerg Dis 57:185. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Lange CE, Tobler K, Lehner A, et al. 2012. EcPV2 DNA in equine papillomas and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas supports papillomavirus etiology. Vet Pathol 50:686. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Knight CG, Munday JS, Rosa BV, et al. 2011. Persistent, widespread papilloma formation on the penis of a horse: a novel presentation of equine papillomavirus type 2 infection. Vet Dermatol 22:570. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, et al. 2003. Sequence variants of bovine papillomavirus E5 detected in equine sarcoids. Virus Res 96:141. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Ogawa T, Tomita Y, Okada M, et al. 2004. Broad-spectrum detection of papillomaviruses in bovine teat papillomas and healthy teat skin. J Gen Virol 85:2191. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Rebhun WC. 1980. Interdigital papillomatosis in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:437. PUBMED Abstract
  11. White KS, Fuji RN, Valentine BA, et al. 2004. Equine congenital papilloma: pathological findings and results of papillomavirus immunohistochemistry in five cases. Vet Dermatol 15:240. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Davis CL, Kemper HE. 1936. Warts in goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 88:175.
  13. Theilen G, Wheeldon EB, East N, et al. 1985. Goat papillomatosis. Am J Vet Res 46:2519. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Kirnbauer R, Chandrachud LM, O'Neil BW, et al. 1996. Virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 4 in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization. Virology 219:37. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Jarrett WF, O'Neil BW, Gaukroger JM, et al. 1990. Studies on vaccination against papillomaviruses: a comparison of purified virus, tumour extract and transformed cells in prophylactic vaccination. Vet Rec 126:449. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Barthold SW, Olson C, Larson LL. 1976. Precipitin response of cattle to commercial wart vaccine. Am J Vet Res 37:449. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Torres SMF, Malone E, White SD, et al. 2010. The efficacy of imiquimod (Aldara®) in the treatment of equine aural plaque: a pilot open-label clinical trial. Vet Dermatol 21:503. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Fairley RA, Haines DM. 1992. The electron microscopic and immunohistochemical demonstration of a papilloma virus in equine aural plaques. Vet Pathol 29:79. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Gibbs EP. 1984. Viral diseases of the skin of bovine teat and udder. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:187. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Letchworth GJ 3rd, LaDue R. 1982. Bovine herpes mammillitis in two New York dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:902. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Janett F, Stauber N, Schraner E, et al. 2000. Bovine herpes mammillitis: clinical symptoms and serologic course. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 142:375. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Rao TV, Bandyopadhyay SK. 2000. A comprehensive review of goat pox and sheep pox and their diagnosis. Anim Health Res Rev 1:127. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Bhanuprakash V, Indrani BK, Hosamani M, et al. 2006. The current status of sheep pox disease. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 29:27. PUBMED Abstract

Fungal Diseases

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  2. White SD. 2005. Equine bacterial and fungal diseases: a diagnostic and therapeutic update. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:302.
  3. Kane J, Padhye AA, Ajello L. 1982. Microsporum equinum in North America. J Clin Microbiol 16:943. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Roman R, Massai L, Gianni C, et al. 2001. Case reports. six cases of infection due to Trichophyton verrucosum. Mycoses 44:334. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Scott DW. 1994. Marked acantholysis associated with dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton equinum in two horses. Vet Dermatol 5:105.
  6. Gudding R, Lund A. 1995. Immunoprophylaxis of bovine dermatophytosis. Can Vet J 36:302. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Pier AC, Zancanella PJ. 1993. Immunization of horses against dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton equinum. Equine Pract 15:23.
  8. Milan R, Alois R, Josef C, et al. 2004. Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines derived from hsp60 Trichophyton mentagrophytes control the clinical course of trichophytosis in bovine species and guinea-pigs. Mycoses 47:407. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Nell A, James SA, Bond CJ, et al. 2002. Identification and distribution of a novel Malassezia species yeast on normal equine skin. Vet Rec 150:395. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Crespo MJ, Abarca ML, Cabanes FJ. 2002. Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in horses and domestic ruminants. Mycoses 45:333. PUBMED Abstract
  11. White SD, Vandenabeele SIJ, Drazenovich N, et al. 2006. Malassezia species isolated from the intermammary and preputial fossa areas of horses. J Vet Int Med 20:395. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Welsh RD. 2003. Sporotrichosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1123. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Crothers S, White SD, Ihrke PJ, et al. 2009. Sporotrichosis: a retrospective evaluation of 23 cases seen in northern California (1987-2007). Vet Dermatol 20:249. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Irizarry-Rovira AR, Kaufman L, Christian JA, et al. 2000. Diagnosis of sporotrichosis in a donkey using direct fluorescein-labeled antibody testing. J Vet Diagn Invest 12:180. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Rosser EJ Jr. 2003. Sporotrichosis. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  16. Kohler LM, Monteiro PC, Hahn RC, et al. 2004. In vitro susceptibilities of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii to itraconazole and terbinafine. J Clin Microbiol 42:4319. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Powell RK, Bell NJ, Abreha T, et al. 2006. Cutaneous histoplasmosis in 13 Ethiopian donkeys. Vet Rec 158:836. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Valentine BA, Taylor GH, Stone JK, et al. 2006. Equine cutaneous fungal granuloma: a study of 44 lesions from 34 horses. Vet Dermatol 17:266. PUBMED Abstract
  19. White SD, Ghoddusi M, Grooters AM, et al. 2008. Cutaneous pythiosis in a non-traveled California horse. Vet Dermatol 19:391. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Perez RC, Luis-Leon JJ, Vivas JL, et al. 2005. Epizootic cutaneous pythiosis in beef calves. Vet Microbiol 109:121. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Tabosa IM, Riet-Correa F, Nobre VM, et al. 2004. Outbreaks of pythiosis in two flocks of sheep in northeastern Brazil. Vet Pathol 41:412. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Grooters AM, Whittington A, Lopez MK, et al. 2002. Evaluation of microbial culture techniques for the isolation of Pythium insidiosum from equine tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:288. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Hubert JD, Grooters AM. 2002. Treatment of equine pythiosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24:812.
  24. Mendoza L, Mandy W, Glass R. 2003. An improved Pythium insidiosum–vaccine formulation with enhanced immunotherapeutic properties in horses and dogs with pythiosis. Vaccine 21:2797. PUBMED Abstract

Parasitic Skin Diseases

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  16. Rehbein S, Visser M, Winter R, et al. 2003. Productivity effects of bovine mange and control with ivermectin. Vet Parasitol 114:267. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Losson BJ. 2005. Mange in large animals. In Kahn CM, Line S (eds), The Merck veterinary manual, ed 9. Merck, Rahway, NJ.
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  19. Essig A, Rinder H, Gothe R, et al. 1999. Genetic differentiation of mites of the genus Chorioptes (Acari: Psoroptidae). Exp Appl Acarol 23:309. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Rehbein S, Visser M, Winter R. 2005. Chorioptic mange in dairy cattle: treatment with eprinomectin pour-on. Parasitol Res 98:21. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Rehbein S, Visser M, Winter R, et al. 2003. Productivity effects of bovine mange and control with ivermectin. Vet Parasitol 114:267. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Littlewood JD. 2000. Chorioptic mange: successful treatment of a case with fipronil. Equine Vet Educ 1:144.
  23. Littlewood JD, Rose JF, Paterson S. 1995. Oral ivermectin paste for the treatment of chorioptic mange in horses. Vet Rec 137:661. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Paterson S, Coumbe K. 2009. An open study to evaluate topical treatment of equine chorioptic mange with shampooing and lime sulphur solution. Vet Dermatol 20:623. PUBMED Abstract
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  27. Warnick LD, Nydam D, Maciel A, et al. 2002. Udder cleft dermatitis and sarcoptic mange in a dairy herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:273. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Scott DW, Miller WH Jr. 2003. Equine dermatology, ed 2. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Matthes HF. 1994. Investigations of pathogenesis of cattle demodicosis: sites of predilection, habitat and dynamics of demodectic nodules. Vet Parasitol 53:283. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Brugger M, Braun U. 2000. [Demodicosis in a Toggenburg goat]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 142:639. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Auer DE, Seawright AA, Pollitt CC, et al. 1984. Illness in horses following spraying with amitraz. Aust Vet J 61:257. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Strabel D, Schweizer G, Gansohr B, et al. 2003. [The use of avermectins in two goats with demodicosis]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 145:585. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Littlewood JD. 1998. Incidence of recurrent seasonal pruritus (“sweet itch”) in British and German shire horses. Vet Rec 142:66. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Wilson AD, Harwood LJ, Bjornsdottir S, et al. 2001. Detection of IgG and IgE serum antibodies to Culicoides salivary gland antigens in horses with insect dermal hypersensitivity (sweet itch). Equine Vet J 33:707. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Hellberg W, Wilson AD, Mellor P, et al. 2006 Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: immunoblot analysis of IgE and IgG subclass responses to Culicoides nubeculosus salivary gland extract. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 113:99. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Van der Haegen A, Griot-Wenk M, Welle M, et al. 2001. Immunoglobulin-E-bearing cells in skin biopsies of horses with insect bite hypersensitivity. Equine Vet J 33:699. PUBMED Abstract
  37. McKelvie J, Foster AP, Hamblin AS, et al. 2001. Culicoides antigen extract stimulates equine blood mononuclear (BMN) cell proliferation and the release of eosinophil adherence-inducing factor(s). Res Vet Sci 70:115. PUBMED Abstract
  38. McKelvie J, Foster AP, Cunningham FM, et al. 1999. Characterisation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the skin and circulation of horses with sweet itch (Culicoides hypersensitivity). Equine Vet J 31:466. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Kurotaki T, Narayama K, Arai Y, et al. 2002. Langerhans cells within the follicular epithelium and the intradermal sweat duct in equine insect hypersensitivity, “Kasen.” J Vet Med Sci 64:539. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Meulenbroeks C, van der Meide NM, Zaiss DM, et al. 2013. Seasonal differences in cytokine expression in the skin of Shetland ponies suffering from insect bite hypersensitivity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 151:147. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Kurotaki T, Narayama K, Oyamada T, et al. 2000. The kinetics of Langerhans cells in equine insect hypersensitivity, “Kasen.” J Vet Med Sci 62:561. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Kurotaki T, Narayama K, Oyamada T, et al. 1994. Immunopathological study on equine insect hypersensitivity (“Kasen”) in Japan. J Comp Pathol 110:145. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Kolm-Stark G, Wagner R. 2002. Intradermal skin testing in Icelandic horses in Austria. Equine Vet J 34:405. PUBMED Abstract
  44. van der Meide NM, Roders N, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, et al. 2013. Cloning and expression of candidate allergens from Culicoides obsoletus for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 153:227. PUBMED Abstract
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  50. Moya-Borja GE, Muniz RA, Umehara O, et al. 1997. Protective efficacy of doramectin and ivermectin, against. Cochliomyia hominivorax. Vet Parasitol 72:101. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Fadok VA. 1984. Parasitic skin diseases of large animals. Vet Clin North Am 6:3. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Marques SM, Scroferneker ML. 2004. Onchocerca cervicalis in horses from southern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 36:633. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Stannard AA, Cello RM. 1975. Onchocerca cervicalis infection in horses from the western United States. Am J Vet Res 36:1029. PUBMED Abstract
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  56. Cello RM. 1971. Ocular onchocerciasis in the horse. Equine Vet J 3:148. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Foil CS. 1987. Cutaneous onchocerciasis. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  58. Schmidt GM, Coley SC, Leid RW. 1985. Onchocerca cervicalis in horses: dermal histopathology. Acta Trop 42:55. PUBMED Abstract
  59. French DD, Klei TM, Foil CS, et al. 1988. Efficacy of ivermectin in paste and injectable formulations against microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis and resolution of associated dermatitis in horses. Am J Vet Res 49:1550. PUBMED Abstract
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  62. Njongmeta LM, Nfon CK, Gilbert J, et al. 2004. Cattle protected from onchocerciasis by ivermectin are highly susceptible to infection after drug withdrawal. Int J Parasitol 34:1069. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Beytut E, Akca A, Bain O. 2005. Teat onchocercosis in cows with reference to prevalence, species involved and pathology. Res Vet Sci 78:45. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Kral F, Schwartzman RM. 1964. Veterinary and comparative dermatology. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA.
  65. Johnson SJ, Toleman MA. 1988. Prevalence of stephanofilariasis in young Bos indicus cattle in northern Australia. Vet Parasitol 29:333. PUBMED Abstract
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  67. Watrelot-Virieux D, Pin D. 2006. Chronic eosinophilic dermatitis in the scrotal area associated with stephanofilariasis infestation of charolais bull in France. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 53:150. PUBMED Abstract
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  69. Lloyd JE. 1993. Flies, lice and grubs. In Howard JL, Smith RA (eds), Current veterinary therapy 4: food animal practice. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  70. Otranto D, Boulard C, Giangaspero A, et al. 1999. Serodiagnosis of goat warble fly infestation by Przhevalskiana silenus with a commercial ELISA kit. Vet Rec 144:726. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Hassan MU, Khan MN, Abubakar M, et al. 2010. Bovine hypodermosis—a global aspect. Trop Anim Health Prod 42:1615. PUBMED Abstract
  72. Campbell WC, Benz GW. 1984. Ivermectin: a review of efficacy and safety. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 7:1. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Manning TO, Scott DW. 1985. Caprine dermatology. III. Parasitic, allergic, hormonal and neoplastic disorders. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:S437.
  74. Williams RE. 1985. Arthropod pests of sheep. In Williams RE, Hall RD, Broce AB, et al (eds), Livestock entomology. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY.
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  76. Pusterla N, Watson JL, Wilson WD, et al. 2003. Cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses: 63 cases (1988-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:978. PUBMED Abstract
  77. Rees CA, Craig TM. 2003. Equine cutaneous habronemiasis. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5. Saunders-Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
  78. Traversa D, Iorio R, Petrizzi L, et al. 2007. Molecular diagnosis of equid summer sores. Vet Parasitol 150:116. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Davis WP, Peters DF, Dunstan RW. 1997. Besnoitiosis in a miniature donkey. Vet Dermatol 8:139.
  80. Dubey JP, Sreekumar C, Donovan T, et al. 2005. Redescription of Besnoitia bennetti (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from the donkey (Equus asinus). Vet Parasitol 35:659. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Elsheikha HM, Mansfield LS, Morsy GH. 2008. Studies on Besnoitiosis bennetti in miniature donkeys. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 38:171. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Ness SL, Peters-Kennedy J, Schares G, et al. 2012. Investigation of an outbreak of besnoitiosis in donkeys in northeastern Pennsylvania. J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1329. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Jacquiet P, Liénard E, Franc M. 2010. Bovine besnoitiosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Vet Parasitol 174:30. PUBMED Abstract
  84. Scott DW. 2007. Color atlas of farm animal dermatology. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.
  85. Schares G, Maksimov A, Basso W, et al. 2011. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assays for the sensitive detection of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle. Vet Parasitol 178:208. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Schares G, Basso W, Majzoub M, et al. 2010. Comparative evaluation of immunofluorescent antibody and new immunoblot tests for the specific detection of antibodies against Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites and bradyzoites in bovine sera. Vet Parasitol 171:32. PUBMED Abstract

Tumors and Cysts

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  1. Valentine BA. 2006. Survey of equine cutaneous neoplasia in the Pacific Northwest. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:123. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Baipoledi EK. 2001. A case of caprine perineal squamous cell carcinoma in Botswana. J S Afr Vet Assoc 72:165. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Mendez A, Perez J, Ruiz-Villamor E, et al. 1997. Clinicopathological study of an outbreak of squamous cell carcinoma in sheep. Vet Rec 141:597. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Knight CG, Munday JS, Peters J, et al. 2011. Equine penile squamous cell carcinomas are associated with the presence of equine papillomavirus type 2 DNA sequences. Vet Pathol 48:1190. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Lange CE, Tobler K, Lehner A, et al. 2013. EcPV2 DNA in equine papillomas and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas supports papillomavirus etiology. Vet Pathol 50:686. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Alberti A, Pirino S, Pintore F, et al. 2010. Ovis aries Papillomavirus 3: a prototype of a novel genus in the family Papillomaviridae associated with ovine squamous cell carcinoma. Virology 407:352. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Mair TS, Walmsley JP, Phillips TJ. 2000. Surgical treatment of 45 horses affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and prepuce. Equine Vet J 32:406. PUBMED Abstract
  8. McCauley CT, Hawkins JF, Adams SB, et al. 2002. Use of a carbon dioxide laser for surgical management of cutaneous masses in horses: 32 cases (1993-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1192. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Campbell GA, Gross TL, Adams R, et al. 1987. Solar elastosis with squamous cell carcinoma in two horses. Vet Pathol 24:463. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Mosunic CB, Moore PA, Carmicheal KP, et al. 2004. Effects of treatment with and without adjuvant radiation therapy on recurrence of ocular and adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses: 157 cases (1985-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1733. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Fortier LA, Mac Harg MA. 1994. Topical use of 5-fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the external genitalia of horses: 11 cases (1988-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1183. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Paterson S. 1997. Treatment of superficial ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma in three horses with topical 5-fluorouracil. Vet Rec 141:626. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Théon AP, Pascoe JR, Madigan JE, et al. 1997. Comparison of intratumoral administration of cisplatin versus bleomycin for treatment of periocular squamous cell carcinomas in horses. Am J Vet Res 58:431. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Théon AP, Pascoe JR, Galuppo LD, et al. 1999. Comparison of perioperative versus postoperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1655. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Moore AS, Beam SL, Rassnick KM, et al. 2003. Long-term control of mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and metastases in a horse using piroxicam. Equine Vet J 35:715. PUBMED Abstract

Equine Sarcoid

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  4. Marti E, Lazary S, Antczak DF, et al. 1993. Report of the first international workshop on equine sarcoid. Equine Vet J 25:397. PUBMED Abstract
  5. WL Ragland WL, Keown GH, Gorham JR. 1966. An epizootic of equine sarcoid. Nature 210:1399. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, et al. 2003. Sequence variants of bovine papillomavirus E5 detected in equine sarcoids. Virus Res 96:141. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Carr EA, Theon AP, Madewell BR, et al. 2001. Bovine papillomavirus DNA in neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues obtained from horses with and without sarcoids in the western United States. Am J Vet Res 62:741. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Amtmann E, Muller H, Sauer G. 1980. Equine connective tissue tumors contain unintegrated bovine papilloma virus DNA. J Virol 35:962. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Lancaster WD. 1981. Apparent lack of integration of bovine papillomavirus DNA in virus-induced equine and bovine tumor cells and virus-transformed mouse cells. Virology 108:251. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Lacey M, Alpert S, Hanahan D. 1986. Bovine papillomavirus genome elicits skin tumours in transgenic mice. Nature 322:609. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Wood AL, Spradbrow PB. 1985. Transformation of cultured equine fibroblasts with a bovine papillomavirus. Res Vet Sci 38:241. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Yuan ZQ, Gault EA, Gobeil P, et al. 2008. Establishment and characterization of equine fibroblast cell lines transformed in vivo and in vitro by BPV-1: model systems for equine sarcoids. Virology 373:352. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Nixon C, Chambers G, Ellsmore V, et al. 2005. Expression of cell cycle associated proteins cyclin A, CDK-2, p27kip1 and p53 in equine sarcoids. Cancer Lett 221:237. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Otten N, von Tscharner C, Lazary S, et al. 1993. DNA of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 in equine sarcoids: PCR detection and direct sequencing. Arch Virol 132:121. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Carr EA, Theon AP, Madewell BR, et al. 2001. Expression of a transforming gene (E5) of bovine papillomavirus in sarcoids obtained from horses. Am J Vet Res 62:1212. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Martens A, De Moor A, Ducatelle R. 2001. PCR detection of bovine papilloma virus DNA in superficial swabs and scrapings from equine sarcoids. Vet J 161:280. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Bogaert L, Martens A, De Baere C, et al. 2005. Detection of bovine papillomavirus DNA on the normal skin and in the habitual surroundings of horses with and without equine sarcoids. Res Vet Sci 79:253. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Yuan Z, Philbey AW, Gault EA, et al. 2007. Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes and viral gene expression in equine inflammatory skin conditions. Virus Res 124:245. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Bogaert L, Martens A, Van Poucke M, et al. 2008. High prevalence of bovine papillomaviral DNA in the normal skin of equine sarcoid-affected and healthy horses. Vet Microbiol 129:58. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Brandt S, Haralambus R, Schoster A, et al. 2008. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells represent a reservoir of bovine papillomavirus DNA in sarcoid-affected equines. J Gen Virol 89:1390. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Hartl B, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, et al. 2011. Inoculation of young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions leads to early infection of PBMCs prior to pseudo-sarcoid formation. J Gen Virol 92:2437. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Ragland WL, Spencer GR. 1969. Attempts to relate bovine papilloma virus to the cause of equine sarcoid: equidae inoculated intradermally with bovine papilloma virus. Am J Vet Res 30:743. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Wilson AD, Armstrong EL, Gofton RG, et al. 2013. Characterisation of early and late bovine papillomavirus protein expression in equine sarcoids. Vet Microbiol 162:369. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Mattil-Fritz S, Scharner D, Piuko K, et al. 2008. Immunotherapy of equine sarcoid: dose-escalation trial for the use of chimeric papillomavirus-like particles. J Gen Virol 89:138. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Gobeil P, Gault EA, Campo MS, et al. 2007. Equine sarcoids are not induced by an infectious cell line. Equine Vet J 39:189. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Kemp-Symonds JG. 2000. The detection and sequencing of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 DNA from Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) face flies infesting sarcoid-affected horses [MSc Thesis]. Royal Veterinary College, London.
  27. Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, et al. 2003. Association of bovine papillomavirus with the equine sarcoid. J Gen Virol 84:1055. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Borzacchiello G, Mogavero S, De Vita G, et al. 2009. Activated platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor expression, PI3K-AKT pathway molecular analysis, and transforming signals in equine sarcoids. Vet Pathol 46:589. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Yuan Z, Gault EA, Campo MS, et al. 2011. Mitogen-activated protein kinase is crucial for bovine papillomavirus type-1 transformation of equine fibroblasts. J Gen Virol 92:1778. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Marchetti B, Gault EA, Cortese MS, et al. 2009. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 oncoprotein E5 inhibits equine MHC class I and interacts with equine MHC I heavy chain. J Gen Virol 90:2865. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Nasir L, Reid SWJ. 2006. Bovine papillomaviruses and equine sarcoids. Papillomavirus research: from natural history to vaccines and beyond. Caister Academic, Wymondham, UK.
  32. Corteggio A, Di Geronimo O, Roperto S, et al. 2011. Bovine papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein binds to p600 in naturally occurring equine sarcoids. J Gen Virol 92:378. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Yuan ZQ, Bennett L, Campo MS, et al. 2010. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 and E7 proteins down-regulate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in equine fibroblasts. Virus Res 149:124. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Jandova V, Klukowska-Rotzler J, Dolf G, et al. 2012. Whole genome scan identifies several chromosomal regions linked to equine sarcoids. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 154:19. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Tseng CT, Miller D, Cassano J, et al. 2010. Identification of equine major histocompatibility complex haplotypes using polymorphic microsatellites. Anim Genet 41(Suppl 2):150.
  36. Knottenbelt D, Edwards S, Daniel E. 1995. Diagnosis and treatment of the equine sarcoid. In Practice 17:123.
  37. Knottenbelt DC, Kelly DF. 2000. The diagnosis and treatment of periorbital sarcoid in the horse: 445 cases from 1974 to 1999. Vet Ophthalmol 3:169. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Knottenbelt DC. 2005. A suggested clinical classification for the equine sarcoid. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:278.
  39. Yuan Z, Gault EA, Campo MS, et al. 2011. Upregulation of equine matrix metalloproteinase 1 by bovine papillomavirus type 1 is through the transcription factor activator protein-1. J Gen Virol 92:2608. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Theon AP. 2008. Equine sarcoid. Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Mosby, Philadelphia, PA.
  41. Théon AP. 2005. Oncology. In Higgins A, Snyder J (eds), Equine manual, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  42. Theon AP, Wilson WD, Magdesian KG, et al. 2007. Long-term outcome associated with intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for cutaneous tumors in equidae: 573 cases (1995-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1506. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Martens A, De Moor A, Demeulemeester J, et al. 2001. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the surgical margins of equine sarcoids for bovine papilloma virus DNA. Vet Surg 30:460. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Knottenbelt DC, Matthews JB. 2001. A positive step forwards in the diagnosis of equine sarcoid. Vet J 161:224. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Théon AP. 1998. Radiation therapy in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:673. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Théon AP, Pascoe JR. 1995 Iridium-192 interstitial brachytherapy for equine periocular tumours: treatment results and prognostic factors in 115 horses. Equine Vet J 27:117. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Théon AP. 1997. Cisplatin treatment for cutaneous tumors. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  48. Boure L, Krawiecki JM, Thoulon F. 1991. Trial treatment of sarcoids in horses with intratumoral injections of bleomycin. Point Veterinaire 23:199.
  49. Orenberg EK, Luck EE, Brown DM, et al. 1991. Implant delivery system: intralesional delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of spontaneous skin tumors in veterinary patients. Clin Dermatol 9:561. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Stewart AA, Rush B, Davis E. 2006. The efficacy of intratumoural 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of equine sarcoids. Aust Vet J 84:101. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Spoormakers TJP, Klein WR, van Weeren PR, et al. 2002. Treatment of equine sarcoids with cisplatin in arachid oil: a useable alternative? Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 127:350. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Tamzali Y, Borde L, Rols MP, et al. 2012. Successful treatment of equine sarcoids with cisplatin electrochemotherapy: a retrospective study of 48 cases. Equine Vet J 44:214. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Hewes CA, Sullins KE. 2006. Use of cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads for treatment of cutaneous neoplasia in equidae: 59 cases (2000-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1617. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Théon AP, Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, et al. 2013. A pilot phase II study of efficacy and biosafety of doxorubicin chemotherapy in tumor-bearing equidae. J Vet Intern Med. [Epub ahead of print] PUBMED Abstract
  55. Ashrafi GH, Piuko K, Burden F, et al. 2008. Vaccination of sarcoid-bearing donkeys with chimeric virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 1. J Gen Virol 89:148. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Hainisch EK, Brandt S, Shafti-Keramat S, et al. 2012. Safety and immunogenicity of BPV-1 L1 virus-like particles in a dose-escalation vaccination trial in horses. Equine Vet J 44:107. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Théon AP. 1998. Intralesional and topical chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:659. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Klein WR, Bras GE, Misdorp W, et al. 1986. Equine sarcoid: BCG immunotherapy compared to cryosurgery in a prospective randomised clinical trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 121:133. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Owen RA, Jagger DW. 1987. Clinical observations on the use of BCG cell wall fraction for treatment of periocular and other equine sarcoids. Vet Rec 120:548. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Nogueira SA, Torres SM, Malone ED, et al. 2006. Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of equine sarcoids: a pilot study. Vet Dermatol 17:259. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Borzacchiello G, Russo V, Della Salda L, et al. 2008. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor and bovine papillomavirus E5 and E7 oncoproteins in equine sarcoid. J Comp Pathol 139:231. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Kanodia S, Da Silva DM, Kast WM. 2008. Recent advances in strategies for immunotherapy of human papillomavirus-induced lesions. Int J Cancer 122:247. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Kim MK, Kim HS, Kim SH, et al. 2010. Human papillomavirus type 16 E5 oncoprotein as a new target for cervical cancer treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 80:1930. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Steinbach F, Bischoff S, Freund H, et al. 2009. Clinical application of dendritic cells and interleukin-2 and tools to study activated T cells in horses—first results and implications for quality control. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 128:16. PUBMED Abstract

Mastocytosis

  1. Altera K, Clark L. 1970. Equine cutaneous mastocytosis. Vet Pathol 7:43. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Cheville NF, Prasse KW, van der Maaten M, et al. 1972. Generalized equine cutaneous mastocytosis. Vet Pathol 9:394.
  3. Prasse KW, Lundvall RL, Cheville NF. 1975. Generalized mastocytosis in a foal, resembling urticaria pigmentosa of man. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:68. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Millward LM, Hamberg A, Mathews J, et al. 2010. Multicentric mast cell tumors in a horse. Vet Clin Pathol 39:365. PUBMED Abstract
  5. McEntee MF. 1991. Equine cutaneous mastocytomas: morphology, biological behavior and evolution of the lesion. J Comp Pathol 104:171. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Head KW. 1958. Cutaneous mast cell tumors in the dog, cat and ox. Br J Dermatol 70:389. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Smith BI, Phillips LA. 2001. Congenital mastocytomas in a Holstein calf. Can Vet J 42:635. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Allison N, Fritz DL. 2001. Cutaneous mast cell tumour in a kid goat. Vet Rec 149:560. PUBMED Abstract

Melanoma

  1. Theilen GH, Madewell BR. 1987. Veterinary cancer medicine, ed 2. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  2. Valentine BA. 1995. Equine melanocytic tumors: a retrospective study of 53 horses (1988-1991). J Vet Int Med 9:291. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Fleury C, Berard F, Leblond A, et al. 2000. The study of cutaneous melanomas in Camargue-type gray-skinned horses (2): epidemiological survey. Pigment Cell Res 13:47.
  4. Fleury C, Berard F, Balme B, et al. 2000. The study of cutaneous melanomas in Camargue-type gray-skinned horses (1): clinical-pathological characterization. Pigment Cell Res 13:39. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Seltenhammer MH, Simhofer H, Scherzer S, et al. 2003. Equine melanoma in a population of 296 grey Lipizzaner horses. Equine Vet J 35:153. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Rowe EL, Sullins KE. 2004. Excision as treatment of dermal melanomatosis in horses: 11 cases (1994-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:94. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Goetz TE, Ogilvie GK, Keegan KG, et al. 1990. Cimetidine for treatment of melanomas in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:449. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Bowers JR, Huntington PJ, Slocombe RF. 1994. Efficacy of cimetidine for therapy of skin tumours of horses: 10 cases. Aust Equine Vet 12:30.
  9. Théon AP, Wilson WD, Magdesian KG, et al. 2007. Long-term outcome associated with intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for cutaneous tumors in equidae: 573 cases (1995-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1506. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Müller J, Feige K, Wunderlin P, et al. 2011. Double-blind placebo-controlled study with interleukin-18 and interleukin-12-encoding plasmid DNA shows antitumor effect in metastatic melanoma in gray horses. J Immunother 34:58. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Jackson C. 1936. The incidence and pathology of tumors of domesticated animals in South Africa: a study of the Onderstepoort collection of neoplasms with special reference to their histopathology. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indust 6:1.
  12. Bradley PJ, Magaki G. 1963. Types of tumors found by federal meat inspectors in an eight-year survey: epizootiology of cancer in animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 108:872. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Scott DW. 1988. Large animal dermatology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  14. Sockett DC, Knight AP, Johnson LW. 1984. Malignant melanoma in a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:907. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Parsons PG, Takahashi H, Candy J, et al. 1990. Histopathology of melanocytic lesions in goats and establishment of a melanoma cell line: a potential model for human melanoma. Pigment Cell Res 3:297. PUBMED Abstract

Cutaneous Lymphosarcoma

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  2. Gollagher RD, Ziola B, Chelack BJ, et al. 1993. Immunotherapy of equine cutaneous lymphoma using low-dose cyclophosphamide and autologous tumor cells infected with vaccinia virus. Can Vet J 34:371. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Gerard MP, Healy LN, Bowman KF, et al. 1998. Cutaneous lymphoma with extensive periarticular involvement in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:391. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Henson KL, Alleman AR, Cutler TJ, et al. 1998. Regression of subcutaneous lymphoma following removal of an ovarian granulosa–theca cell tumor in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1419. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Littlewood JD, Whitwell KE, Day MJ. 1995. Equine cutaneous lymphoma: a case report. Vet Dermatol 6:105.
  6. Potter K, Anez D. 1998. Mycosis fungoides in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:550. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Kelley LC, Mahaffey EA. 1998. Equine malignant lymphomas: morphologic and immunohistochemical classification. Vet Pathol 35:241. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Epstein V, Hodge D. 2005. Cutaneous lymphosarcoma in a stallion. Aust Vet J 83:609. PUBMED Abstract
  9. de Bruijn CM, Veenman JN, Rutten VP, et al. 2007. Clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypical findings in five horses with cutaneous malignant lymphoma. Res Vet Sci 83:63. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Meyer J, Delay J, Bienzle D. 2006. Clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic features of equine lymphoma. Vet Pathol 43:914. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Schweizer G, Hilbe M, Braun U. 2003. Clinical, haematological, immunohistochemical and pathological findings in 10 cattle with cutaneous lymphoma. Vet Rec 153:525. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Loh CC. 2007. Atypical presentation of cutaneous T-cell lymphosarcoma in a 19-month-old Holstein heifer. Can Vet J 48:309. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Da Silva DL. 2002. Attempted treatment of cutaneous lymphomatosis in a ram. J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:90. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Scott PR, Rhind S, Dun K. 1997. Cutaneous lymphoma in a Scottish blackface ram. Vet Rec 141:473. PUBMED Abstract

Cysts

  1. Hillyer LL, Jackson AP, Quinn GC. 2003. Epidermal (infundibular) and dermoid cysts in the dorsal midline of a three-year-old thoroughbred-cross gelding. Vet Dermatol 14:205. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Oz HH, Williams MD, Memon MA. 1985. Epidermal inclusion cysts in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:504. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Lloyd LC. 1964. The aetiology of cysts in the skin of some families of merino sheep in Australia. J Pathol Bacteriol 88:219. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Gamlem BS, Crawford TB. 1974. Dermoid cysts in identical locations in a doe and her kid. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 72:616. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Adams SB, Horstman L, Hoerr FJ. 1983. Periocular dermoid cyst in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1255. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Neiberle CP. 1967. Textbook of special pathological anatomy of domestic animals. Pergamon, New York, NY.
  7. Fubini SL, Campbell SG. 1983. External lumps on sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 5:457. PUBMED Abstract

Environmental Diseases

  1. Scott DW, Miller WH Jr. 2003. Equine dermatology, ed 2. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Scott DW. 1993. Environmental skin diseases. In Howard JL (ed), Current veterinary therapy 3: food animal practice. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  3. White SD. 1987. Photosensitivity. In Robinson NE (ed), Current veterinary therapy in equine medicine, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  4. Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Perl S. 1999. An apparently gluten-induced photosensitivity in horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 41:386. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Perl S. 2003. Photosensitivity in feedlot calves apparently related to cocoa shells. Vet Hum Toxicol 45:249. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Tennant B, Evans CD, Schwartz LW, et al. 1973. Equine hepatic insufficiency. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 3:279. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Ford EJ, Gopinath C. 1974. The excretion of phylloerythrin and bilirubin by the horse. Res Vet Sci 16:186. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Petersen AD, Schott HC II. 2005. Cutaneous markers of disorders affecting adult horses. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:324.
  9. Colón JL, Jackson CA, Del Piero F. 1996. Hepatic dysfunction and photodermatitis secondary to alsike clover poisoning. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:1022.

Skin Disorders of Unknown or Genetic Origin

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  2. Hilton H, Affolter VK, White SD. 2008. Evaluation of four topical preparations for the treatment of cannon hyperkeratosis in the horse. Vet Dermatol 19:385. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Deprez P, De Cock H, Sustronck B, et al. 1995. A case of bovine linear keratosis. Vet Dermatol 6:45.
  4. Scott DW. 2003. Linear alopecia and linear keratosis. In Robinson NE (ed), Robinson's current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  5. Paradis M, Rossier Y, Rosseel G. 1993. Linear epidermal nevi in a family of Belgian horses. Equine Pract 15:10.
  6. Schott HC II, Petersen AD. 2005. Cutaneous markers of disorders affecting young horses. Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:314.
  7. Metallinos DL, Bowling AT, Rine J. 1998. A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with lethal white foal syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung disease. Mamm Genome 9:426. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Hardy MH, Fisher KR, Vrablic OE, et al. 1988 An inherited connective tissue disease in the horse. Lab Invest 59:253. PUBMED Abstract
  9. White SD, Affolter V, Bannasch DL, et al. 2004. Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA; “hyperelastosis cutis”) in 50 horses: clinical, histologic and immunohistologic findings. Vet Dermatol 15:207. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Rendle DI, Durham AE, Smith KC. 2008. Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia in a Quarter horse bred in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 162:20. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Litschauer B, Palm F, Aurich C, et al. 2010. Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia in two Quarter horses in Austria. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift Veterinary Medicien Austria 97:3.
  12. Borges AS, Conceição LG, Alves ALG, et al. 2005. Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia in three related quarter horses in Brazil. Vet Dermatol 16:125. PUBMED Abstract
  13. White SD, Bourdeau P. 2011. Prevalence of the mutation in cyclophilin B (PPIB), a causal candidate gene for HERDA, among Quarter Horses in France. Vet Dermatol 22:206. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Solomons B. 1984. Equine cutis hyperelastica. Equine Vet J 16:541. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Gunson DE, Halliwell RE, Minor RR. 1984. Dermal collagen degradation and phagocytosis: occurrence in a horse with hyperextensible fragile skin. Arch Dermatol 120:599. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Witzig P, Suter M, Wild P, et al. 1984. Dermatosparaxis in a foal and a cow: a rare disease? Schweiz Arch Tierheilk 126:589. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Scott DW, Miller WH Jr. 2003. Equine dermatology, ed 2. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Colige A, Sieron AL, Li SW, et al. 1999. Human Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VII C and bovine dermatosparaxis are caused by mutations in the procollagen I N-proteinase gene. Am J Hum Genet 65:308. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Grady JG, Elder SH, Ryan PL, et al. 2009. Biomechanical and molecular characteristics of hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia in Quarter Horses. Vet Dermatol 20:591. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Brounts SH, Rashmir-Raven AM, Black SS. 2001. Zonal dermal separation: a distinctive histopathological lesion associated with hyperelastosis cutis in a quarter horse. Vet Dermatol 12:219. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Mochal CA, Miller WW, Cooley AJ, et al. 2010. Ocular findings in Quarter Horses with hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:304. PUBMED Abstract
  22. White SD, Schultheiss PC, et al. 2007. Clinical and pathological findings in a HERDA-affected foal for 1.5 years of life. Vet Dermatol 18:36. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Tryon RC, White SD, Famula TR, et al. 2005. Inheritance of hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) in the American quarter horse. Am J Vet Res 66:437. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Tryon RC, White SD, Bannasch DL. 2007. Homozygosity mapping approach identifies a missense mutation in equine cyclophilin B (PPIB) associated with HERDA in the American Quarter Horse. Genomics 90:93. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Ishikawa Y, Vranka JA, Boudko SP, et al. 2012. Mutation in cyclophilin B that causes hyperelastosis cuis in American Quarter Horse does not affect peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase activity but shows altered cyclophilin B-protein interactions and affects collagen folding. J Biol Chem 287:22253.
  26. Frame SR, Harrington DD, Fessler J, et al. 1988. Hereditary junctional mechanobullous disease in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1420. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Johnson GC, Kohn CW, Johnson CW, et al. 1988. Ultrastructure of junctional epidermolysis bullosa in Belgian foals. J Comp Pathol 99:331. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Kohn CW, Johnson GC, Garry F, et al. 1989. Mechanobullous disease in two Belgian foals. Equine Vet J 21:297. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oostrbaan M, Boord M. 2002. Equine dermatology workshop. In Thoday KL, Foil CS, Bond R (eds), Advances in veterinary dermatology, vol 4. Blackwell Science, Oxford, England.
  30. Linder KE, Olivry T, Yager JA, et al. 2000. Mechanobullous disease of Belgian foals resembles lethal (Herlitz) junctional epidermolysis bullosa of humans and is associated with failure of laminin-5 assembly. Vet Dermatol 11(Suppl 1):24.
  31. Spirito F, Charlesworth A, Linder K, et al. 2002. Animal models for skin blistering conditions: absence of laminin 5 causes hereditary junctional mechanobullous disease in the Belgian horse. J Invest Dermatol 119:684. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Milenkovic D, Chaffaux S, Taourit S, et al. 2003. A mutation in the LAMC2 gene causes the Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (H-JEB) in two French draft horse breeds. Genet Sel Evol 35:249. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Crowell WA, Stephenson C, Gosser HS. 1976. Epitheliogenesis imperfecta in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:56. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Dubielzig RR, Wilson JW, Beck KA, et al. 1986. Dental dysplasia and epitheliogenesis imperfecta in a foal. Vet Pathol 23:325. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Lieto LD, Swerczek TW, Cothran EG. 2002. Equine epitheliogenesis imperfecta in two American saddlebred foals is a lamina lucida defect. Vet Pathol 39:576. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Lieto LD, Cothran EG. 2003. The epitheliogenesis imperfecta locus maps to equine chromosome 8 in American saddlebred horses. Cytogenet Genome Res 102:207. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Jolly RD, Alley MR, O'Hara PJ. 1973. Familial acantholysis of angus calves. Vet Pathol 10:473. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Ford CA, Stanfield AM, Spelman RJ, et al. 2005. A mutation in bovine keratin 5 causing epidermolysis bullosa simplex, transmitted by a mosaic sire. J Invest Dermatol 124:1170. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Guaguère E, Berg K, Degorce-Rubiales F, et al. 2004. Junctional epidermolysis bullosa in a Charolais calf with deficient expression of integrin alpha6-beta4 (abstract). Vet Dermatol 15(Suppl 1):28.
  40. Thomson KG, Crandell RA, Rugeley WW. 1985. A mechanobullous disease with subbasilar separation in brangus calves. Vet Pathol 22:283. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Alley MR, O'Hara P, Middleberg A. 1974. An epidermolysis bullosa of sheep. N Z Vet J 22:55. PUBMED Abstract
  42. McTaggart HS, Ritchie JSD, Copland A. 1974. Red foot disease of lambs. Vet Rec 94:153. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Brückner-Tüderman L, Guscetti F, Ehrensperger F. 1991. Animal model for dermolytic mechanobullous disease: sheep with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa lack collagen VII. J Invest Dermatol 96:452. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Perez V, Benavides J, Delgado L, et al. 2011. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa in Assaf lambs. J Comp Pathol 145:226. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Ostmeier M, Kerkmann A, Frase R, et al. 2012. Inherited junctional epidermolysis bullosa (Herlitz type) in German black-headed mutton sheep. J Comp Pathol 146:338. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Fernandez CJ, Scott DW, Erb HN. 2000. Staining abnormalities of dermal collagen in eosinophil- or neutrophil-rich inflammatory dermatoses of horses and cats as demonstrated with Masson's trichrome stain. Vet Dermatol 11:43.
  47. Slovis NM, Watson JL, Affolter VK, et al. 1999. Injection site eosinophilic granulomas and collagenolysis in 3 horses. J Vet Intern Med 13:606. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Linke RP, Geisel O, Mann K. 1991. Equine cutaneous amyloidosis derived from an immunoglobulin lambda-light chain: immunohistochemical, immunochemical and chemical results. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 372:835. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Gliatto JM, Alroy J. 1995. Cutaneous amyloidosis in a horse with lymphoma. Vet Rec 137:68. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Spiegel IB, White SD, Foley J, et al. 2006. Retrospective study of cutaneous equine sarcoidosis and potential underlying infectious aetiologies. Vet Dermatol 17:51. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Heath SE, Bell RJ, Clark EG, et al. 1990. Idiopathic granulomatous disease involving the skin in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1033. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Axon JE, Robinson P, Lucas J. 2004. Generalised granulomatous disease in a horse. Aust Vet J 82:48. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Sellers RS, Toribio RE, Blomme EA. 2001. Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease and macrophage expression of PTHrP in a miniature pony. J Comp Pathol 125:214. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Rose JF, Littlewood J, Smith K. 1996. A series of four cases of generalized granulomatous disease in the horse. Abstracts of the Third World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology Edinburgh: 93.
  55. Sledge DG, Miller DL, Styer EL, et al. 2006. Equine herpesvirus 2–associated granulomatous dermatitis in a horse. Vet Pathol 43:548. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Oliveira-Filho JP, Monteiro LN, Delfiol DJ, et al. 2012. Mycobacterium DNA detection in liver and skin of a horse with generalized sarcoidosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 24:596. PUBMED Abstract
  57. White SD, Foley JE, Spiegel IB, et al. 2009. Inability to detect equine herpesviruses 1 and 2 in paraffin-embedded specimens of equine sarcoidosis using polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Int Med 23:623. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Myers SL. 2012. Long-term management and apparent seasonal recurrence of generalised granulomatous dermatitis (cutaneous sarcoidosis) in a horse. Vet Derm 23(Suppl):103.
  59. Littlewood JD. 2012. Equine generalised granulomatous disease (cutaneous sarcoidosis): a case report with long term follow-up. Vet Derm 23(Suppl):103.
  60. Lowenstein C, Bettany SV, Mueller RS. 2004. A retrospective study of equine sarcoidosis. Vet Dermatol 15(Suppl 1):67.
  61. De Cock HE, Affolter VK, Wisner ER, et al. 2003. Progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis, and fibrosis of distal limbs in Clydesdales, Shires, and Belgian draft horses, suggestive of primary lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 1:191. PUBMED Abstract
  62. De Cock HE, Affolter VK, Farver TB, et al. 2006. Measurement of skin desmosine as an indicator of altered cutaneous elastin in draft horses with chronic progressive lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 4:67. PUBMED Abstract
  63. van Brantegem L, de Cock HE, Affolter VK, et al. 2007. Antibodies to elastin peptides in sera of Belgian Draught horses with chronic progressive lymphoedema. Equine Vet J 39:418. PUBMED Abstract
  64. De Cock HE, Van Brantegem L, Affolter VK, et al. 2009. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of dermal elastin of draught horses with chronic progressive lymphoedema. J Comp Pathol 140:132. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Geburek F, Ohnesorge B, Deegen E, et al. 2005. Alterations of epidermal proliferation and cytokeratin expression in skin biopsies from heavy draught horses with chronic pastern dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 16:373. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Mittmann EH, Mömke S, Distl O. 2010. Whole-genome scan identifies quantitative trait loci for chronic pastern dermatitis in German draft horses. Mamm Genome 21:95. PUBMED Abstract