Chapter 39 Diseases of the Eye

Ophthalmic History and Examination

  1. Gilger BC, Stoppini R. 2011. Equine ocular eye examination: routine and advanced diagnostic techniques, pp 1-51. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology, ed 2. Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
  2. Betts DM. 1993. Ophthalmic examination techniques for food and fiber animals, p 829. In Howard JL (ed), Current veterinary therapy food animal practice, ed 3. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  3. Townsend WM. 2007. Food and fiber-producing animal ophthalmology, pp 1275-1335. In Gelatt KN (ed), Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4. Blackwell, Ames, IA.
  4. Whitley RD, Moore CP. 1984. Ocular diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in food animals. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:553. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Hakanson NE, Merideth RE. 1987. Ocular examination and diagnostic techniques in the horse. II. Assessment of vision and examination of the intraocular structures. Equine Pract 9:6.

Signs of Ocular Disease

  1. Leipold HW. 1984. Congenital ocular defects in food-producing animals. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:577. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Townsend WM. 2007. Food and fiber-producing animal ophthalmology, pp 1275-1335. In Gelatt KN (ed), Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4. Blackwell, Ames, IA.
  3. Munroe GA, Barnett KC. 1984. Congenital ocular disease in the foal. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:519. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Anderson DE, Badzioch M. 1991. Association between solar radiation and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in cattle. Am J Vet Res 52:784. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Giuliano EA. 2011. Equine ocular adnexal and nasolacrimal disease, pp 133-180. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
  6. McConaghy FF, Davis RE, Hodgson DR. 1994. Equine sarcoids: a persistent therapeutic challenge. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 16:1022.
  7. Moore CP, Grevan VL, Champagne ES, et al. 2000. Equine conjunctival pseudotumors. Vet Ophthalmol 3:51. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Colitz CMH, McMullen RJ. 2011. Diseases and surgery of the lens, pp 282-316. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
  9. Brown MH, Brightman AH, Fenwick BW, et al. 1998. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a review. J Vet Intern Med 12:259. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Moore CP. 1992. Eyelid and nasolacrimal disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:499. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Hurn S, Turner A, McCowan C. 2005. Ectopic cilium in seven horses. Vet Ophthalmol 8:199. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Dwyer AE. 2011. Practical management of blind horses, pp 470-481. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.

Ocular Trauma

  1. Galle LE, Moore CP. 2007. Clinical microbiology, pp 236-270. In KN Gelatt (ed), Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 4. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
  2. Caron JP, Barber SM, Bailey JV, et al. 1986. Periorbital skull fractures in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:280. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Turner LM, Whitley RD, Hager D. 1986. Management of ocular trauma in horses. I. Orbit, eyelids, uvea, lens, retina, and optic nerve. Mod Vet Pract 67:341.
  4. Morgan RV, Daniel GB, Donnell RL. 1993. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal eye and orbit of the horse. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 3:127.
  5. Boroffka S, van den Belt A. 1996. CT/ultrasound diagnosis: retrobulbar hematoma in a horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:41.
  6. Brooks DE. 1992. Orbit, p 654. In JA Auer (ed), Equine surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  7. Rampazzo A, Eule C, Speier S, et al. 2006. Scleral rupture in dogs, cats, and horses. Vet Ophthalmol 9:149. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Rebhun WC. 1979. Diseases of the bovine orbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:171. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Giuliano EA. 2011. Equine ocular adnexal disease, pp 7119-10083. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology, ed 2. Elsevier, Maryland Heights, MO.
  10. Miller TR. 1992. Eyelids, p 599. In Auer JA (ed), Equine surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  11. Welker B. 1995. Ocular surgery. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:149. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Sweeney CR, Russell GE. 1997. Complications associated with use of a one-hole subpalpebral lavage system in horses: 150 cases (1977-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1271. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Giuliano EA, Maggs DJ, Moore CP. 2000. Inferomedial placement of a single-entry subpalpebral lavage tube for the treatment of equine eye disease. Vet Ophthalmol 3:153. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Clode AB. 2011. Diseases and surgery of the cornea, pp 10094-14343. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology, ed 2. Elsevier, Maryland Heights, MO.
  15. Pearce JW, Giuliano EA, Moore CP. 2009. In vitro susceptibility patterns of Aspergillus and Fusarium species isolated from equine ulcerative keratomycosis cases in the Midwestern and southern United States with inclusion of the new antifungal agent voriconazole. Vet Ophthalmol 12:318. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Chmielewski NT, Brooks DE, Smith PJ, et al. 1997. Visual outcome and ocular survival following iris prolapse in the horse: a review of 32 cases. Equine Vet J 29:31. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Lavach JD, Severin GA, Roberts SM. 1984. Lacerations of the equine eye: a review of 48 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1243. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Michau T, Gilger BC. 2004. Cosmetic globe surgery in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:467. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Gilger BC, Pizzirani S, Johnston LC, et al. 2003. Use of a hydroxyapatite orbital implant in a cosmetic corneoscleral prosthesis after enucleation in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:343. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Martin C, Kaswan R, Gratzek A, et al. 1993 Ocular use of tissue plasminogen activator in companion animals. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 3:29.
  21. Martin CL. 2005. Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine. Manson, London.
  22. Millichamp NJ, Dziezyc J. 2000. Cataract phacofragmentation in horses. Vet Ophthalmol 3:157. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Fife TM, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA, et al. 2006. Clinical features and outcomes of phacoemulsification in 37 horses: a retrospective study (1993-2003). Vet Ophthalmol 9:361. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Heidbrink V. 1998. First experiences with endoscopic surgery on the equine eye. Praktische Tierarzt 79:824.
  25. Wilkie DA. 2011. Diseases of the ocular posterior segment, pp 19149-20638. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology, ed 2. Elsevier, Maryland Heights, MO.
  26. Martin CL, Kaswan R, Chapman W. 1986. Four cases of traumatic optic nerve blindness in the horse. Equine Vet J 18:133. PUBMED Abstract

Infectious Ocular Diseases

  1. Baas EJ, Trotter SL, Franklin RM, et al. 1977. Epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis: recovery of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and its possible role in pathogenesis. Infect Immunol 18:806. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Trotter SL, Franklin RM, Baas EJ, et al. 1977. Epidemic caprine keratoconjunctivitis: experimentally induced disease with a pure culture of Mycoplasma conjunctivae. Infect Immunol 18:816. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Rodriguez JL, Poveda JB, Oros J, et al. 1995. High mortality in goats associated with the isolation of a strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type). J Vet Med 42:587. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Ayling RD, Bashiruddin RA, Nicholas RAJ. 2004. Mycoplasma species and related organisms isolated from ruminants in Britain between 1990 and 2000. Vet Rec 155. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Bar-Moshe B, Rapapport E. 1981. Observations on Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides infection in Saanen goats. Isr J Med Sci 17:537. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Al-Aubaidi JM, Dardiri AH, Muscoplatt CC, et al. 1973. Identification and characterization of Acholeplasma oculusi spec. nov. from the eyes of goats with keratoconjunctivitis. Cornell Vet 63:117. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Arbuckle JBR, Bonson MD. 1980. The isolation of Acholeplasma oculi from an outbreak of ovine keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Rec 106:15. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Jones GE. 1983. Mycoplasmas of sheep and goats: a synopsis. Vet Rec 113:619. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Janovsky M, Frey J, Nicolet J, et al. 2001. Mycoplasma conjunctivae infection is self-maintained in the Swiss domestic sheep population. Vet Microbiol 83:11. PUBMED Abstract
  10. McCauley EH, Surman PG, Anderson DR. 1971. Isolation of Mycoplasma from goats during an epizootic of keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 32:861. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Whitley RD, Albert RA. 1984. Clinical uveitis and polyarthritis associated with Mycoplasma species in a young goat. Vet Rec 115:217. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Surman PG. 1968. Cytology of “pink-eye” of sheep, including a reference to trachoma of man, by employing acridine orange and iodine stains, and isolation of Mycoplasma agents from infected sheep eyes. Aust J Biol Sci 21:447. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Dagnall GJR. 1994. Use of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of ovine keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Rec 135:127. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Degiorgis MP, El-Mostafa A, Nicolet M, et al. 2000. Immune responses to Mycoplasma conjunctivae in alpine ibex, alpine chamois, and domestic sheep in Switzerland. J Wildl Dis 36:265. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Belloy L, Giacometti M, El-Mostafa A, et al. 2001. Detection of specific Mycoplasma conjunctivae antibodies in the sera of sheep with infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Res 32:155. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Giacometti J, et al. 1999. Detection and identification of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in infectious keratoconjunctivitis by PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. J Vet Med 46:173. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Baker SE, Bashiruddin JB, Ayling RD, et al. 2001. Molecular detection of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in English sheep affected by infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Rec 148:240. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Egwu GO, Faull WB. 1991. Humoral immune responses in lambs following ocular experimental infection with a pure cloned culture of Mycoplasma conjunctivae. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 39:333.
  19. Egwu GO, Faull WB, Bradbury JM, et al. 1989. Ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: a microbiological study of clinically unaffected and affected sheep's eyes with special reference to Mycoplasma conjunctivae. Vet Rec 125:253. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Dagnall GJR. 1994. An investigation of colonization of the conjunctival sac of sheep by bacteria and mycoplasmas. Epidemiol Infect 112:561. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Giacometti M, Janovsky M, Jenny H, et al. 2002. Mycoplasma conjunctivae infection is not maintained in alpine chamois in eastern Switzerland. J Wildl Dis. 38:297. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Ter Laak EA, Schreuder BE, Kimman TG, et al. 1988. Ovine keratoconjunctivitis experimentally induced by instillation of Mycoplasma conjunctivae. Vet Q 10:217. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Dagnall GJR. 1993. Experimental infection of the conjunctival sac of lambs with Mycoplasma conjunctivae. Br Vet J 149:429. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Hosie BD, Greig A. 1995. Role of oxytetracycline dihydrate in the treatment of Mycoplasma-associated ovine keratoconjunctivitis in lambs. Br Vet J 151:83. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Egwu GO. 1992. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and some bacterial species. Small Rumin Res 7:85.
  26. Jansen BD, Heffelfinger JR, Noon TH, et al. 2006. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in bighorn sheep, Silver Bell Mountains, Arizona, USA. J Wildl Dis 42:407. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Belloy L, Janovsky M, Vilei EM, et al. 2003. Molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in Caprinae: transmission across species in natural outbreaks. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1913. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Giacometti M, Janovsky M, Belloy L, et al. 2002. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae. Rev Sci Tech 21:335. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Hayman F, Hirst R. 2003. Development of a semi-nested PCR for the improved detection of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine milk and mucosal samples. Vet Microbiol 91:91. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Pugh GW, Hughes DE, Schulz VD. 1976. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: experimental induction of infection in calves with mycoplasmas and Moraxella bovis. Am J Vet Res 37:493. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Rosenbusch RF. 1985. Bovine pinkeye: etiology and pathogenesis. Bovine Pract 20:150.
  32. Naglic T, Sankovic F, Macic J, et al. 1996. Mycoplasmas associated with bovine conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis. Acta Vet Hung 44:21. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Levisohn S, Garazi S, Gerchmann I, et al. 2004. Diagnosis of a mixed mycoplasma infection associated with a severe outbreak of bovine pinkeye in young calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 16:579. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Neitfeld JC. 2001. Chlamydial infections in small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17:301. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Everett KDE, Bush RM, Anderson AA. 1999. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:415.
  36. Stephenson EH, Storz J, Hopkins JB. 1984. Properties and frequency of isolation of chlamydiae from eyes of lambs with conjunctivitis and polyarthritis. Am J Vet Res 35:177. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Hopkins JB, Stephenson EH, Storz J, et al. 1973. Conjunctivitis associated with chlamydial polyarthritis in lambs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:1157. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Storz J, Pierson RE, Marriott ME, et al. 1967. Isolation of psittacosis agents from follicular conjunctivitis of sheep. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 125:857. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Wilsmore AJ, Dagnall GJ, Woodland RM, et al. 1990. Experimental conjunctival infection of lambs with a strain of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from the eyes of a sheep naturally affected with keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Rec 127:229. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Beveridge WIB. 1942. Investigations on contagious ophthalmia of sheep, with special attention to the epidemiology of infection by Rickettsiae conjunctivae. Aust Vet J 18:155.
  41. Cello RM. 1967. Ocular infections in animals with PLT (Bedsonia) group agents. Am J Ophthalmol 63:1270. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Bulgin MS, Dubose DA. 1982. Pinkeye associated with Branhamella ovis infection in dairy goats. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 77:1791.
  43. Bulgin MS, Dubose DA. 1982. Pinkeye associated with Branhamella ovis infection in dairy goats. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 77:1791.
  44. Naglic T, Hajsig D, Frey J, et al. 2000. Epidemiological and microbiological study of an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep. Vet Rec 147:72. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Spradbrow PB. 1968. The bacterial flora of the ovine conjunctival sac. Aust Vet J 44:117. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Nagy A, Vandersmissen E, Kapp P, et al. 1989. Further data to the aetiology, pathogenesis and therapy of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 12:115. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Bankemper KW, Linkley DM, Nusbaumm KE, et al. 1990. Keratoconjunctivitis associated with Neisseria ovis infection in a herd of goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2:76. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Dagnall GJR. 1994. The role of Branhamella ovis, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and Chlamydia psittaci in conjunctivitis of sheep. Br Vet J 150:65. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Hughes DE, Pugh GW. 1970. Isolation and description of a Moraxella from horses with conjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 31:457. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Huntington PJ, Coloe PJ, Bryden JD, et al. 1987. Isolation of a Moraxella sp. from horses with conjunctivitis. Aust Vet J 64:118. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Andrew SE, Nguyen A, Jones GL, et al. 2003. Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida. Vet Ophthalmol 6:45. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Stiles J. 1999. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease, p 1481. III. The horse. In Gelatt KN (ed), Veterinary ophthalmology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
  53. Hamor RE, Whelan NC. 1999. Equine infectious keratitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:623. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Sauer P, Andrew SE, Lassaline M, et al. 2003. Changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991-2000): 65 horses. Vet Ophthalmol 6:309. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Gerard MP, Wotman KL, Komaromy AM. 2006. Infections of the head and ocular structures in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:591. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Brooks DE, Andrew SE, Biros DJ, et al. 2000. Ulcerative keratitis caused by beta-hemolytic Streptococcus equi in 11 horses. Vet Ophthalmol 3:121. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Ramphal R, McNiece MT, Polack FM. 1981. Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the injured cornea: a step in the pathogenesis of corneal infections. Ann Ophthalmol 13:421. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Brown SI, Bloomfield SE, Tam WI. 1974. The cornea-destroying enzyme of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Invest Ophthalmol 13:174. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Nasisse MP, Nelms S. 1992. Equine ulcerative keratitis. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 8:537. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Ledbetter EC, Scarlett JM. 2008. Isolation of obligate anaerobic bacteria from ulcerative keratitis in domestic animals. Vet Ophthalmol 11:114. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Rebhun WC. 1982. Corneal stromal abscesses in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:677. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Hamilton HL, et al. 1994. Histological findings in corneal stromal abscesses of 11 horses: correlation with cultures and cytology. Equine Vet J 26:448. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Hendrix DV, Brooks DE, Smith PJ, et al. 1995. Corneal stromal abscesses in the horse: a review of 24 cases. Equine Vet J 27:440. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Brooks DE. 2004. Inflammatory stromal keratopathies: medical management of stromal keratomalacia, stromal abscesses, eosinophilic keratitis, and the band keratopathy in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:345. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Strubbe DT, Brooks DE, Schultz GS, et al. 2000. Evaluation of tear film proteinases in horses with ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 3:111. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Ollivier FJ, Brooks DE, Van Setten GB, et al. 2000. Profiles of matrix metalloproteinase activity in equine tear fluid during corneal healing in 10 horses with ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 3:111.
  67. Clode AB. 2010. Therapy of equine infectious keratitis: a review. Equine Vet J Suppl 37:19. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Wada S, Hobo S, Niwa H. 2010. Ulcerative keratitis in thoroughbred racehorses in Japan from 1997 to 2008. Vet Ophthalmol 13:99. PUBMED Abstract
  69. Moore CP, et al. 1995. Antimicrobial agents for treatment of infectious keratitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:855. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Keller RL, Hendrix DVH. 2005. Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibilities in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1993-2004). Equine Vet J 37:207. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Baker A, Plummer CE, Szabo NJ, et al. 2008. Doxycycline levels in preocular tear film of horses following oral administration. Vet Ophthalmol 11:381. PUBMED Abstract
  72. Haffner JC, Fecteau KA, Eiler H. 2003. Inhibition of collagenase breakdown of equine corneas by tetanus antitoxin, equine serum and acetylcysteine. Vet Ophthalmol 6:67. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Chmielewski NT, Brooks DE, Smith PJ, et al. 1997. Visual outcome and ocular survival following iris prolapse in the horse: a review of 32 cases. Equine Vet J 29:31. PUBMED Abstract
  74. Brussieres M, Krohne SG, Stiles J, et al. 2004. The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa for the repair of full-thickness corneal defects in dogs, cats and horses. Vet Ophthalmol 7:352. PUBMED Abstract
  75. ME Lassaline, DE Brooks, FJ Ollivier, et al. 2005. Equine amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal ulceration and keratomalacia in three horses. Vet Ophthalmol 8:311. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Gelatt KN. 2000. Posterior lamellar keratoplasty for treatment of deep stromal abscesses in nine horses. Vet Ophthalmol 3:99. PUBMED Abstract
  77. Plummer CE, Kallberg ME, Ollivier FJ, et al. 2008. Deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty in ten horses. Vet Ophthalmol 11:35.
  78. Whittaker CJG, et al. 1997. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for deep corneal stromal abscesses in eight horses. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 7:19.
  79. Robin JB, Regis-Pacheco LF, Kash RL, et al. 1985. The histopathology of corneal neovascularization: inhibitor effects. Arch Ophthalmol 103:284. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Ezra DB. 1979. Neovasculogenesis: triggering factors and possible mechanisms. Surv Ophthalmol 24:167. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Whitley RD, Moore CP. 1984. Microbiology of the equine eye in health and disease. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:451. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Moore CP, Fales WH, Whittington P, et al. 1983. Bacterial and fungal isolates from equidae with ulcerative keratitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:600. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Hendrix DVH, et al. 1996. Keratomycosis in four horses caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 6:252.
  84. Grahn B, et al. 1993. Equine keratomycosis: clinical and laboratory findings in 23 cases. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 3:2.
  85. Hendrix DVH, Ward DA, Guglick MA. 1997. Disseminated candidiasis in a neonatal foal with keratomycosis as the initial sign. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 7:10.
  86. Wada S, Hobo S, Ode H, et al. 2013. Equine keratomycosis in Japan. Vet Ophthalmol 16:1. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Gaarder JE, Rebhun WC, Ball MA, et al. 1998. Clinical appearances, healing patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of horses with fungal keratitis: 53 cases (1978-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:105. PUBMED Abstract
  88. Brooks DE, Andrew SE, Denis H, et al. 2000. Rose bengal positive epithelial microerosions as a manifestation of equine keratomycosis. Vet Ophthalmol 3:83. PUBMED Abstract
  89. Andrew SE, et al. 1998. Equine ulcerative keratomycosis: visual outcome and ocular survival in 39 cases (1987-1996). Equine Vet J 30:109. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Ledbetter EC, Irby NL, Kim SG. 2011. In vivo confocal microscopy of equine fungal keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 14:1. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Coad CT, Robinson NM, Wilhelmus KR. 1985. Antifungal sensitivity testing for equine keratomycosis. Am J Vet Res 46:676. PUBMED Abstract
  92. Whittaker CJG, et al. 1997. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for deep corneal stromal abscesses in eight horses. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 7:19.
  93. Betbeze CM, et al. 2006. In vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of silver sulfadiazine and natamycin on pathogenic fungi isolated from horses with keratomycosis. Am J Vet Res 67:1788. PUBMED Abstract
  94. Brooks DE, et al. 1998. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of fungi isolated from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis. Am J Vet Res 59:138. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Yee RW, et al. 1997. Ocular penetration and pharmacokinetics of topical fluconazole. Cornea 16:64. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Latimer FG, et al. 2001. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous and oral administration and body fluid concentrations of fluconazole following repeated oral dosing in horses. Am J Vet Res 62:1606. PUBMED Abstract
  97. Ball MA, et al. 1997. Corneal concentrations and preliminary toxicological evaluation of an itraconazole/dimethyl sulphoxide ophthalmic ointment. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 20:100. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Davis JL, Salmon JH, Papich MG. 2005. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of itraconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses. Am J Vet Res 66:1694. PUBMED Abstract
  99. Clode AB, Davis JL, Salmon J. 2006. Evaluation of concentration of voriconazole in aqueous humor after topical and oral administration in horses. Am J Vet Res 67:296. PUBMED Abstract
  100. Passler NH, Chan HM, Stewart AJ, et al. 2010. Distribution of voriconazole in seven body fluids of adult horses after repeated oral dosing. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 33:35. PUBMED Abstract
  101. Colitz CM, Latimer FG, Cheng H, et al. 2007. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole following intravenous and oral administration and body fluid concentrations of voriconazole following repeated oral administration in horses. Am J Vet Res 68:1115. PUBMED Abstract
  102. Pearce JW, Giuliano EA, Moore CP. 2009. In vitro susceptibility patterns of Aspergillus and Fusarium species isolated from equine ulcerative keratomycosis cases in the midwestern and southern United States with inclusion of the new antifungal agent voriconazole. Vet Ophthalmol 12:318. PUBMED Abstract
  103. Weinstein WL, Moore PA, Sanchez S, et al. 2006. In vitro efficacy of a buffered chelating solution as an antimicrobial potentiator for antifungal drugs against fungal pathogens obtained from horses with mycotic keratitis. Am J Vet Res 67:562. PUBMED Abstract
  104. Ledbetter EC, Patten VH, Scarlett JM, et al. 2007. In vitro susceptibility patterns of fungi associated with keratomycosis in horses of the northeastern United States: 68 cases (1987-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1086. PUBMED Abstract
  105. Thein P. 1976. The association of EHV-2 infection with keratitis and research on the occurrence of equine coital exanthema (EHV-3) of horses in Germany. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of Equine Infectious Diseases, Lyon, France.
  106. Collinson PN, et al. 1994. Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 (equine gamma herpesvirus 2) from foals with keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:329. PUBMED Abstract
  107. Borchers K, et al. 1998. Virological and molecular biological investigations into equine herpes virus type 2 (EHV-2) experimental infections. Virus Res 55:101. PUBMED Abstract
  108. Kershaw O, von Oppen T, Glitz F, et al. 2001. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) in horses with keratoconjunctivitis. Virus Res 80:93. PUBMED Abstract
  109. Miller TR, et al. 1990. Herpetic keratitis in a horse. Equine Vet J 17(Suppl 10):15. PUBMED Abstract
  110. Latimer CA, Wyman M. 1985. Neonatal ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1:235. PUBMED Abstract
  111. Rubin LF. 1974. Atlas of veterinary ophthalmoscopy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  112. Williams LW, Gelatt KN. 1981. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease: food animals, p 746. Gelatt KN (ed), Veterinary ophthalmology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  113. Abinanti FR, Plumer GJ. 1961. The isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from cattle affected with conjunctivitis: observations on the experimental infection. Am J Vet Res 86:13.
  114. Hughes JP, Olander HJ, Wada EM. 1964. Keratoconjunctivitis associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 145:32. PUBMED Abstract
  115. Mohanty SB, et al. 1972. Effects of an experimentally induced herpesvirus infection in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 161:1008. PUBMED Abstract
  116. Rebhun WC, et al. 1978. An outbreak of the conjunctival form of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Cornell Vet 68:297. PUBMED Abstract
  117. Crandell RA. 1986. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, p 470. In Howard JL (ed), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  118. Mohanty SB, et al. 1972. Natural infection with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:879. PUBMED Abstract
  119. Abdollahpour G, Raoofi A, Najafi J, et al. 2006. Clinical and para-clinical findings of a recent outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in Iran. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 53(Suppl 1):14. PUBMED Abstract
  120. Ozmen O, Kale M, Haligur M, Yavru S. 2009. Pathological, serological, and virological findings in sheep infected simultaneously with bluetongue, peste-des-petits-ruminants, and sheeppox viruses. Trop Anim Health Prod 41:951. PUBMED Abstract
  121. Barnett KC, Palmer AC. 1971. Retinopathy in sheep affected with natural scrapie. Res Vet Sci 12:383. PUBMED Abstract
  122. Valdez RA, Rock MJ, Anderson AK, et al. 2003. Immunohistochemical detection and distribution of prion protein in a goat with natural scrapie. J Vet Diagn Invest 15:157. PUBMED Abstract
  123. Hardt M, Baron T, Groschup MH. 2000. A comparative study of immunohistochemical methods for detecting abnormal prion protein with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. J Comp Pathol 122:43. PUBMED Abstract
  124. Foster JD, Parnham DW, Hunter N, et al. 2001. Distribution of the prion protein in sheep terminally affected with BSE following experimental oral transmission. J Gen Virol 82:2319. PUBMED Abstract
  125. O'Rourke KI, Baszler TV, Besser TE, et al. 2000. Preclinical diagnosis of scrapie by immunohistochemistry of third eyelid lymphoid tissue. J Clin Microbiol 38:3254. PUBMED Abstract
  126. Young S, Cordy DR. 1964. An ovine fetal encephalopathy caused by bluetongue vaccine virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 23:635. PUBMED Abstract
  127. Silverstein AM, et al. 1971. An experimental, virus-induced retinal dysplasia in the fetal lamb. Am J Ophthalmol 72:22.
  128. Bowne JG, et al. 1968. Bluetongue disease in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:662. PUBMED Abstract
  129. Holzhauer M, Vos J. 2009. ‘Blue eyes’ in newborn calves associated with bluetongue infection. Vet Rec 164:403. PUBMED Abstract
  130. Baker JC. 1987. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1449. PUBMED Abstract
  131. Bistner SI, Rubin LF, Saunders LZ. 1970. The ocular lesions of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease. Pathol Vet 7:275. PUBMED Abstract
  132. Scott FW, et al. 1973. Virus-induced congenital anomalies of the bovine fetus. Cornell Vet 63:536. PUBMED Abstract
  133. Olafson P, MacCallum AD, Fox FH. 1946. An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle. Cornell Vet 36:205. PUBMED Abstract
  134. Fernandez A, et al. 1989. Viral antigen distribution in the central nervous system of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea. Vet Pathol 26:26. PUBMED Abstract
  135. Perdrizet JA, et al. 1987. Bovine viral diarrhea: clinical syndromes in dairy herds. Cornell Vet 77:46. PUBMED Abstract
  136. Rebhun WC. 1979. Diseases of the bovine orbit and globe. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:171. PUBMED Abstract
  137. Rebhun WC. 1982. Orbital lymphosarcoma in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:149. PUBMED Abstract
  138. Saunders LZ, Rubin LF. 1975. Ophthalmic pathology of animals. S Karger, Basel.
  139. Abu Elzein EME, Housawi FMT, Gameel AA, et al. 2003. Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever involving 3-5-week-old calves in Saudi Arabia. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 50:53. PUBMED Abstract
  140. Baxter SIF, Pow I, Bridgen A, et al. 1993. PCR detection of the sheep-associated agent of malignant catarrhal fever. Arch Virol 132:145. PUBMED Abstract
  141. Rebhun WC. 1979. Viral diseases of the bovine eye. Bovine Pract 14:139.
  142. Desmecht D, Cassart D, Rollin F, et al. 1999. Molecular and clinicopathological diagnosis of non-wildebeest associated malignant catarrhal fever in Belgium. Vet Rec 144:388. PUBMED Abstract
  143. Brenner J, Perl S, Lahav D, et al. 2002. An unusual outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a beef herd in Israel. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 49:304. PUBMED Abstract
  144. Pierson RE, et al. 1978. Clinical and clinicopathologic observations in induced malignant catarrhal fever of cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:833. PUBMED Abstract
  145. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC. 1970. Pathology of domestic animals, ed 2. Academic, New York, NY.
  146. Jubb KV, Saunders LZ, Stenius PI. 1960. Die histologische augenveranderungen bein bosartigen katarrhalfieber des rindes. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 102:393.
  147. Brenner J, Perl S, Lahav D, et al. 2002. An unusual outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a beef herd in Israel. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 49:304. PUBMED Abstract
  148. Abu Elzein EM, Housawi FM, Gameel AA, et al. 2003. Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever involving 3-5-week-old calves in Saudi Arabia. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 50:53. PUBMED Abstract
  149. Dukes TW. 1971. The ocular lesions in thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) of cattle. Can Vet J 12:180. PUBMED Abstract
  150. Little PB, Sorensen DK. 1969. Bovine polioencephalomalacia, infectious embolic meningoencephalitis, and acute lead poisoning in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1892. PUBMED Abstract
  151. Bernard WV. 1993. Leptospirosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9:435. PUBMED Abstract
  152. Wong ML, et al. 1977. Leptospirosis: a childhood disease. J Pediatr 90:532. PUBMED Abstract
  153. Roberts SJ, York CJ, Robinson JW. 1952. An outbreak of leptospirosis in horses on a small farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc 121:237. PUBMED Abstract
  154. Hoag WG, Bell WB. 1954. Isolation of Leptospira pomona from a bovine eye. J Am Vet Med Assoc 125:381. PUBMED Abstract
  155. Roberts SJ. 1958. Sequelae of leptospirosis in horses on a small farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc 133:189. PUBMED Abstract
  156. Williams RD, et al. 1971. Experimental chronic uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol 10:948. PUBMED Abstract
  157. Faber NA, et al. 2000. Detection of Leptospira spp. in the aqueous humor of horses with naturally acquired recurrent uveitis. J Clin Microbiol 38:2731. PUBMED Abstract
  158. Hartskeerl RA, Goris MGA, Brem S, et al. 2004. Classification of Leptospira from the eyes of horses suffering from recurrent uveitis. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 51:110. PUBMED Abstract
  159. Wollanke B, Rohrback BW, Gerhards H. 2001. Serum and vitreous humor antibody titers in and isolation of Leptospira interrogans from horses with recurrent uveitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:795. PUBMED Abstract
  160. Davidson MG, Nasisse MP, Roberts SM. 1987. Immunodiagnosis of leptospiral uveitis in two horses. Equine Vet J 19:155. PUBMED Abstract
  161. Halliwell RE, et al. 1985. Studies on equine recurrent uveitis. II. The role of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. Curr Eye Res 4:1033. PUBMED Abstract
  162. Gilger BC, Salmon JH, Wilkie DA, et al. 2006. A novel bioerodible deep scleral lamellar cyclosporine implant for uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:2596. PUBMED Abstract
  163. Cooper J, Walker RD. 1998. Listeriosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 14:113. PUBMED Abstract
  164. Rebhun WC, De Lahunta A. 1982. Diagnosis and treatment of bovine listeriosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:395. PUBMED Abstract
  165. Kummeneje K, Mikkelsen T. 1975. Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes type 04 from cases of keratoconjunctivitis in cattle and sheep. Nord Vet Med 27:144. PUBMED Abstract
  166. Walker JK, Morgan JH. 1993. Ovine ophthalmitis associated with Listeria monocytogenes. Vet Rec 132:636. PUBMED Abstract
  167. Evans K, Smith M, McDonough P, et al. 2004. Eye infections due to Listeria monocytogenes in three cows and one horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 16:464. PUBMED Abstract
  168. Sanchez S, Studer M, Currin P, et al. 2001. Listeria keratitis in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 4:217. PUBMED Abstract
  169. Blanton JD, Palmer D, Rupprecht CE. 2010. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2009. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:646. PUBMED Abstract
  170. Langley R, Morris T. 2009. That horse bit me: zoonotic infections of equines to consider after exposure through the bite or the oral/nasal secretions. J Agromedicine 14:370. PUBMED Abstract
  171. Lee DN, Papeş M, Van Den Bussche RA. 2012. Present and potential future distribution of common vampire bats in the Americas and the associated risk to cattle. PLoS One 7:e42466. Epub 2012 Aug 10. PUBMED Abstract
  172. Den K, Sato T, Schneebeli M, et al. 2012. Acoustic characteristics of voiceless bellowing typical of bovine rabies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86:528. PUBMED Abstract
  173. Faizee N, Hailat NQ, Ababneh MM, et al. 2012. Pathological, immunological and molecular diagnosis of rabies in clinically suspected animals of different species using four detection techniques in Jordan. Transbound Emerg Dis 59:154. Epub 2011 Aug 21.
  174. Wilson PJ, Oertli EH, Hunt PR, et al. 2010. Evaluation of a postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in Texas: 2000-2009. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:1395. PUBMED Abstract
  175. Whitley RD, Gelatt KN. 1981. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease. II. Horse, p 724. In Gelatt KN (ed), Textbook of veterinary ophthalmology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  176. Blogg JR, et al. 1983. Blindness caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal. Equine Vet J 2(Suppl):25.
  177. Yelle MT. 1987. Clinical aspects of Streptococcus equi infection. Equine Vet J 19:158. PUBMED Abstract
  178. Roberts SR. 1971. Chorioretinitis in a band of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:2043. PUBMED Abstract
  179. Barratt-Boyes SM, et al. 1991. Streptococcus equi infection as a cause of panophthalmitis in a horse. J Equine Vet Sci 11:229.
  180. Whitley RD, Gelatt KN. 1981. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease. II. Horse, p 724. In Gelatt KN (ed), Textbook of veterinary ophthalmology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  181. Jones TC. 1940. The relation of brucellosis to periodic ophthalmia in Equidae. Am J Vet Res 1:54.
  182. Leifsson PS, Olsen SN, Larsen S. 1997. Ocular tuberculosis in a horse. Vet Rec 141:651. PUBMED Abstract
  183. McChesney AE, England JJ, Rich LJ. 1973. Adenoviral infection in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 162:545. PUBMED Abstract
  184. Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. 1985. Equine viral arteritis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:5490.
  185. Glaser AL, Chirnside ED, Horzinek MC, et al. 1997. Equine arteritis virus. Theriogenology 47:1275. PUBMED Abstract
  186. Jones TC. 1969. Clinical and pathologic features of equine viral arteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:315. PUBMED Abstract
  187. Burgess EC, Gillette D, Pickett JP. 1986. Arthritis and panuveitis as manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a Wisconsin pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1340. PUBMED Abstract
  188. Riis RC. 1981. Equine ophthalmology, p 574. In Gelatt KN (ed), Textbook of veterinary ophthalmology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  189. Slater JD, et al. 1992. Chorioretinopathy associated with neuropathology following infection with equine herpesvirus-1. Vet Rec 131:237. PUBMED Abstract
  190. McCartan CG, et al. 1995. Clinical, serological and virological characteristics of an outbreak of paresis and neonatal foal disease due to equine herpesvirus-1 on a stud farm. Vet Rec 136:7. PUBMED Abstract
  191. Weyer CT, Quan M, Joone C, et al. 2013. African horse sickness in naturally infected, immunised horses. Equine Vet J 45:117. PUBMED Abstract
  192. Maclachlan NJ, Guthrie AJ. 2010. Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other orbivirus diseases. Vet Res 41:35. PUBMED Abstract
  193. Major DA, Jones B. 2011. Behaviour of equine influenza virus in a naïve population: a practitioner's perspective. Aust Vet J 89(Suppl 1):13. PUBMED Abstract
  194. El-Hage CM, Savage CJ, Minke JM, et al. 2013. Accelerated vaccination schedule provides protective levels of antibody and complete herd immunity to equine influenza. Equine Vet J 45:235. PUBMED Abstract
  195. Miller LD, Pearson JE, Muhm RL. 1973. A comparison of clinical manifestations and pathology of the equine encephalidites: VEE, WEE, EEE. Proc Annu Meet US Anim Health Assoc 77:629. PUBMED Abstract
  196. Stevenson J. 2011. West Nile virus: a progression from unknown to endemic. Vet Herit 34:7. PUBMED Abstract
  197. Lim SM, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, et al. 2011. West Nile virus: immunity and pathogenesis. Viruses 3:811. PUBMED Abstract
  198. Murray KO, Mertens E, Despres P. 2010. West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America. Vet Res 41:67. PUBMED Abstract
  199. Scott EA, Duncan JR, McCormack JE. 1974. Cryptococcosis involving the postorbital area and frontal sinus in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:626. PUBMED Abstract
  200. Hart KA, Flaminio MJ, LeRoy BE, et al. 2008. Successful resolution of cryptococcal meningitis and optic neuritis in an adult horse with oral fluconazole. J Vet Intern Med 22:1436. PUBMED Abstract
  201. Desbrosse AM. 1996. Cryptococcus mycotic keratitis in a horse [French]. Pratique Vet Equine 28:147.
  202. Richter M, Hauser B, Kaps S, et al. 2003. Keratitis due to Histoplasmosis spp. in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 6:99. PUBMED Abstract
  203. Hatziolos BC, Sass B, Albert TF, et al. 1975. Ocular changes in a horse with gutturomycosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:51. PUBMED Abstract
  204. Schmallenbach KH, Rahman I, Sasse HH, et al. 1998. Studies on pulmonary and systemic Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 66:245. PUBMED Abstract

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

  1. Slatter DH, Edwards ME, Hawkins CD, et al. 1982. A national survey of the clinical features, treatment and importance of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Aust Vet Journal 59:69. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Pugh GW, Hughes DE. 1968. Bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: carrier state of Moraxella bovis and development of preventive measures against the disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:310. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Pugh GW, Hughes DW. 1972. Bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: Moraxella bovis as the sole etiologic agent in a winter epizootic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 161:481. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Snowder GD, Van Vleck LD, Cundiff LV, et al. 2005. Genetic and environmental factors associated with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned beef calves. J Anim Sci 83:507. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Frisch JE. 1975. The relative incidence and effect of bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. Anim Prod 21:265.
  6. Ward JK, Neilson MK. 1979. Pinkeye (bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis) in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 49:361. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Kizilkaya K, Tait RG, Garrick DJ, et al. 2011. Whole genome analysis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Angus cattle using Bayesian threshold models. BMC Proc 5 Suppl 4:S22. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Garcia MD, Matukumalli L, Wheeler TL, et al. 2010. Markers on bovine chromosome 20 associated with carcass quality and composition traits and incidence of contracting infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Anim Biotechnol 21:188. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Kataria RS, Tait RG, Jr, Kumar D, et al. 2011. Association of toll-like receptor four single nucleotide polymorphisms with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in cattle. Immunogenetics 63:115. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Thrift FA, Overfield JR. 1974. Impact of pinkeye (infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis) on weaning and postweaning performance of Hereford calves. J Anim Sci 38:1179. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Killinger AH, Valentine D, Mansfield ME, et al. 1977. Economic impact of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in beef calves. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 72:618. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Anon. 1976. Control of cattle diseases. National Research Publication 20420, USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Research Program.
  13. Henson JB, Grumbles LC. 1960. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. I. Etiology. Am J Vet Res 21:761. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Mohanty SB, Lillie MG. 1970. Relationship of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis virus to the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Cornell Vet 60:3. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Sykes JA, Kmochowski L, Grey CE, et al. 1962. Isolation of a virus from infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 111:51. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Langford EV, Dorward WJ. 1969. A mycoplasma isolated from cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Can J Comp Med 33:275. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Rosenbusch RF. 1983. Influence of mycoplasma preinfection on the expression of Moraxella bovis pathogenicity. Am J Vet Res 44:1621. PUBMED Abstract
  18. George LW, Ardans A, Mihalyi J, et al. 1988. Enhancement of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis by modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 49:1800. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Pugh GW Jr, Hughes DE, Packer RA. 1970. Bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: interactions of Moraxella bovis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Am J Vet Res 31:653. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Pugh GW, Hughes DE, Schulz VD. 1976. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: experimental induction of infection in calves with mycoplasmas and Moraxella bovis. Am J Vet Res 37:493. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Levisohn S, Garazi S, Gerchman I, et al. 2004. Diagnosis of a mixed mycoplasma infection associated with a severe outbreak of bovine pinkeye in young calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 16:579. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Zbrun MV, Zielinski GC, Piscitelli HC, et al. 2011. Dynamics of Moraxella bovis infection and humoral immune response to bovine herpes virus type 1 during a natural outbreak of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in beef calves. J Vet Sci 12:347. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Fairlie G. 1966. The isolation of a haemolytic Neisseria from cattle and sheep in the North of Scotland. Vet Rec 78:649. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Spradbrow PB. 1967. A microbiological study of bovine conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis. Aust Vet J 43:55. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Wilcox GE. 1970. Bacterial flora of the bovine eye with special reference to the Moraxella and Neisseria. Aust Vet J 46:253. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Barber DM. 1984. Bacterial population of the eyes of slaughter cattle. Vet Rec 115:169. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Barber DM, Jones GE, Wood A. 1986. Microbial flora of the eyes of cattle. Vet Rec 118:204. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Elad D, Yeruham I, Bernstein M. 1988. Moraxella ovis in cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in Israel. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B 35:431. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Yeruham I, Perl S, Elad D. 2001. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and lymphofollicular hyperplasia of the third eyelid in heifers. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 48:137. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Pedersen KB. 1972. Isolation and description of a haemolytic species of Neisseria (N. ovis) from cattle with infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [B] Microbiol Immunol 80:135. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Dubay SA, Williams ES, Mills K, et al. 2000. Association of Moraxella ovis with keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer and moose in Wyoming. J Wildl Dis 36:241. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Cerny HE, Rogers DG, Gray JT, et al. 2006. Effects of Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis culture filtrates on bovine erythrocytes, peripheral mononuclear cells, and corneal epithelial cells. J Clin Microbiol 44:772. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Dueger EL, George LW, Angelos JA, et al. 2004. Efficacy of a long-acting formulation of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid for the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 65:1185. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Angelos JA, Spinks PQ, Ball LM, et al. 2007. Moraxella bovoculi sp. nov., isolated from calves with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:789. PUBMED Abstract
  35. O'Connor AM, Shen HG, Wang C, et al. 2012. Descriptive epidemiology of Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella ovis in beef calves with naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). Vet Microbiol 155:374. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Steve PC, Lilly JH. 1965. Investigations on transmissability of Moraxella bovis by the face fly. J Econ Entomol 58:444. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Glass HW Jr, Gerhardt RR, Greene WH. 1982. Survival of Moraxella bovis in the alimentary tract of the face fly. J Econ Entomol 75:545. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Arends JJ, Wright RE, Barto PB, et al. 1984. Transmission of Moraxella bovis from blood agar cultures to Hereford cattle by face flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol 77:394. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Gerhardt RR, Allen JW, Greene WH, et al. 1982. The role of face flies in an episode of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:156. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Hughes DE, Pugh GW Jr, McDonald TJ. 1965. Ultraviolet radiation and Moraxella bovis in the etiology of bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 26:1331. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Hughes DE, Pugh GW, McDonald TJ. 1968. Experimental bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis caused by sunlamp irradiation and Moraxella bovis infection: resistance to re-exposure with homologous and heterologous Moraxella bovis. Am J Vet Res 29:829. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Lepper AW, Barton IJ. 1987. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: seasonal variation in cultural, biochemical and immunoreactive properties of Moraxella bovis isolated from the eyes of cattle. Aust Vet J 64:33. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Vogelweid CM, Miller RB, Berg JN, et al. 1986. Scanning electron microscopy of bovine corneas irradiated with sun lamps and challenge exposed with Moraxella bovis. Am J Vet Res 47:378. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Hughes DE, Pugh DW Jr, McDonald TJ. 1968. Experimental bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis caused by sunlamp irradiation and Moraxella bovis infection: determination of optimal irradiation. Am J Vet Res 29:821. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Kopecky KE, Pugh GW Jr, Hughes DE. 1980. Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation that enhances onset of clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 41:1412. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Weech GM, Renshaw HW. 1983. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical responses of cattle to experimental exposure with Moraxella bovis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 6:81. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Cox PJ, Liddell JS, Mattinson AD. 1984. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: isolation of Moraxella bovis from two groups of young beef cattle in fly control field trials during 1981. Vet Rec 115:29-32. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Powe TA, Nusbaum KE, Hoover TR, et al. 1992. Prevalence of nonclinical Moraxella bovis infections in bulls as determined by ocular culture and serum antibody titer. J Vet Diagn Invest 4:78. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Pugh GW Jr, Hughes DE. 1975. Bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: carrier state of Moraxella bovis and the development of preventive measures against disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:310. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Kodjo A, Exbrayat P, Richard Y. 1994. Identification of Moraxella bovis and related species from calves with IBK and goats by qualitative genetic transformation assay. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B] 41:336. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Pugh GW, McDonald TJ. 1986. Identification of bovine carriers of Moraxella bovis by comparative cultural-examinations of ocular and nasal secretions. Am J Vet Res 47:2343. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Frank SK, Gerber JD. 1981. Hydrolytic enzymes of Moraxella bovis. J Clin Microbiol 13:269. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Dalrymple B, Mattick JS. 1987. An analysis of the organization and evolution of type 4 fimbrial (MePhe) subunit proteins. J Mol Evol 25:261. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Heinrich DW, Glasgow AC. 1997. Transcriptional regulation of type 4 pilin genes and the site-specific recombinase gene, piv, in Moraxella lacunata and Moraxella bovis. J Bacteriol 179:7298. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Patel P, Marrs CF, Mattick JS, et al. 1991. Shared antigenicity and immunogenicity of type 4 pilins expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella bovis, Neisseria gonorrhoaea, Dichelobacter nodosus, and Vibrio cholerae. Infection and Immunity 59:4674.
  56. Annuar BO, Wilcox GE. 1985. Adherence of Moraxella bovis to cell cultures of bovine origin. Res Vet Sci 39:241. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Ruehl WW, Marrs C, Beard MK, et al. 1993. Q pili enhance the attachment of Moraxella bovis to bovine corneas in vitro. Mol Microbiol 7:285. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Ruehl WW, Marrs CF, George L, et al. 1993. Infection rates, disease frequency, pilin gene rearrangement, and pilin expression in calves inoculated with Moraxella bovis pilin-specific isogenic variants. Am J Vet Res 54:248. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Kagonyera GM, George L, Miller M. 1989. Effects of Moraxella bovis and culture filtrates on 51Cr-labeled bovine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 50:18. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Kagonyera GM, George LW, Munn R. 1988. Light and electron microscopic changes in corneas of healthy and immunomodulated calves infected with Moraxella bovis. Am J Vet Res 49:386. PUBMED Abstract
  61. O'Connell KA. 1995. The development and testing of a vaccine for the prevention of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Thesis, University of California, Davis.
  62. Kagonyera GM, George LW, Munn R. 1989. Cytopathic effects of Moraxella bovis on cultured bovine neutrophils and corneal epithelial cells. Am J Vet Res 50:10. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Clinkenbeard KD, Thiessen AE. 1991. Mechanism of action of Moraxella bovis hemolysin. Infect Immun 59:1148. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Beard MK, Moore LJ. 1994. Reproduction of bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a purified haemolytic and cytotoxic fraction of Moraxella bovis. Vet Microbiol 42:15. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Gray JT, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Rogers DG. 1995. Partial characterization of a Moraxella bovis cytolysin. Vet Microbiol 43:183. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Lo RY, Strathdee CA, Shewen PE. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin genes of Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Infect Immun 55:1987. PUBMED Abstract
  67. Chang YF, Young R, Struck DK. 1989. Cloning and characterization of a hemolysin gene from Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. DNA 8:635. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Kuhnert P, Heyberger-Meyer B, Nicolet J, et al. 2000. Characterization of PaxA and its operon: a cohemolytic RTX toxin determinant from pathogenic Pasteurella aerogenes. Infection and Immunity 68:6. PUBMED Abstract
  69. Berthoud H, Frey J, Kuhnert P. 2002. Characterization of Aqx and its operon: the hemolytic RTX determinant of Actinobacillus equuli. Vet Microbiol 87:159. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Bauer ME, Welch RA. 1996. Characterization of an RTX toxin from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 64:167. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Hardie KR, Issartel JP, Koronakis E, et al. 1991. In vitro activation of Escherichia coli prohaemolysin to the mature membrane-targeted toxin requires HlyC and a low molecular-weight cytosolic polypeptide. Mol Microbiol 5:1669. PUBMED Abstract
  72. Hughes C, Issartel JP, Hardie K, et al. 1992. Activation of Escherichia coli prohemolysin to the membrane-targeted toxin by HlyC-directed ACP-dependent fatty acylation. FEMS Microbiol Immunol 5:37. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Issartel JP, Koronakis V, Hughes C. 1991. Activation of Escherichia coli prohaemolysin to the mature toxin by acyl carrier protein-dependent fatty acylation. Nature 351:759. PUBMED Abstract
  74. Stanley P, Koronakis V, Hardie K, et al. 1996. Independent interaction of the acyltransferase HlyC with two maturation domains of the Escherichia coli toxin HlyA. Mol Microbiol 20:813. PUBMED Abstract
  75. Stanley P, Koronakis V, Hughes C. 1998. Acylation of Escherichia coli hemolysin: a unique protein lipidation mechanism underlying toxin function. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:309. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Koronakis V, Stanley P, Koronakis E, et al. 1992. The HlyB/HlyD-dependent secretion of toxins by gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Immunol 5:45. PUBMED Abstract
  77. Wandersman C, Delepelaire P. 1990. TolC, an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein required for hemolysin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:4776. PUBMED Abstract
  78. Leeds JA, Welch RA. 1997. Enhancing transcription through the Escherichia coli hemolysin operon, hlyCABD: RfaH and upstream JUMPStart DNA sequences function together via a postinitiation mechanism. J Bacteriol 179:3519. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Angelos JA, Hess JF, George LW. 2003. An RTX operon in hemolytic Moraxella bovis is absent from nonhemolytic strains. Vet Microbiol 92:363. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Hess JF, Angelos JA. 2006. The Moraxella bovis RTX toxin locus mbx defines a pathogenicity island. J Med Microbiol 55:443. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Angelos JA, Ball LM, Hess JF. 2007. Identification and characterization of complete RTX operons in Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella ovis. Vet Microbiol 125:73. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Angelos JA, Ball LM. 2007. Relatedness of cytotoxins from geographically diverse isolates of Moraxella bovis. Vet Microbiol 124:382. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Mach JP, Pahud JJ. 1971. Secretory IgA, a major immunoglobulin in most bovine external secretions. J Immunol 106:552. PUBMED Abstract
  84. Pedersen KB. 1973. The origin of immunoglobulin-G in bovine tears. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [B] Microbiol Immunol 81:245. PUBMED Abstract
  85. Nayar PS, Saunders JR. 1975. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis II. Antibodies in lacrimal secretions of cattle naturally or experimentally infected with Moraxella bovis. Can J Comp Med 39:32. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Killinger AH, Weisiger RM, Helper LC, et al. 1978. Detection of Moraxella bovis antibodies in the SIgA, IgG, and IgM classes of immunoglobulin in bovine lacrimal secretions by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Am J Vet Res 39:931. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Bishop B, Schurig GG, Troutt HF. 1982. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of anti-Moraxella bovis antibodies. Am J Vet Res 43:1443. PUBMED Abstract
  88. Smith PC, Greene WH, Allen JW. 1989. Antibodies related to resistance in bovine pinkeye. California Vet July/August:7-10; 18.
  89. Purdy CW, Straus DC, Struck D, et al. 1993. Efficacy of Pasteurella haemolytica subunit antigens in a goat model of pasteurellosis. Am J Vet Res 54:1637. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Highlander SK, Fedorova ND, Dusek DM, et al. 2000. Inactivation of Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin causes partial attenuation of virulence in a calf challenge model. Infect Immun 68:3916.
  91. O'Hanley P, Lalonde G, Ji G. 1991. Alpha-hemolysin contributes to the pathogenicity of piliated digalactoside-binding Escherichia coli in the kidney: efficacy of an alpha-hemolysin vaccine in preventing renal injury in the BALB/c mouse model of pyelonephritis. Infect Immun 59:1153. PUBMED Abstract
  92. Moxley RA, Berberov EM, Francis DH, et al. 1998. Pathogenicity of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli hemolysin (hlyA) mutant in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect Immun 66:5031. PUBMED Abstract
  93. Rycroft AN, Williams D, McCandlish IA, et al. 1991. Experimental reproduction of acute lesions of porcine pleuropneumonia with a haemolysin-deficient mutant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Rec 129:441. PUBMED Abstract
  94. Devenish J, Rosendal S, Bossé JT. 1990. Humoral antibody response and protective immunity in swine following immunization with the 104-kilodalton hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Infect Immun 58:3829. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Haga Y, Ogino S, Ohashi S, et al. 1997. Protective efficacy of an affinity-purified hemolysin vaccine against experimental swine pleuropneumonia. J Vet Med Sci 59:115. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Hughes DE, Pugh GW Jr. 1971. Experimentally induced bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: effectiveness of intramuscular vaccination with viable Moraxella bovis culture. Am J Vet Res 32:879. PUBMED Abstract
  97. Hughes DE, Pugh GW. 1972. Experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: vaccination with nonviable Moraxella bovis culture. Am J Vet Res 33:2475. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Hughes DE, Pugh GW Jr, Kohlmeier RH, et al. 1976. Effects of vaccination with a Moraxella bovis bacterin on the subsequent development of signs of corneal disease and infection with M bovis in calves under natural environmental conditions. Am J Vet Res 37:1291. PUBMED Abstract
  99. O'Connor AM, Brace S, Gould S, et al. 2011. A randomized clinical trial evaluating a farm-of-origin autogenous Moraxella bovis vaccine to control infectious bovine keratoconjunctivis (pinkeye) in beef cattle. J Vet Intern Med 25:1447.
  100. Funk L, O'Connor AM, Maroney M, et al. 2009. A randomized and blinded field trial to assess the efficacy of an autogenous vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivis (IBK) in beef calves. Vaccine 27:4585. PUBMED Abstract
  101. Pugh GW Jr, Hughes DE, Booth GD. 1977. Experimentally induced infections bovine keratoconjunctivitis: effectiveness of a pilus vaccine against exposure to homologous strains of Moraxella bovis. Am J Vet Res 38:1519. PUBMED Abstract
  102. Pugh GW, Phillips M, McDonald TJ, et al. 1981. Isolation of Moraxella bovis ribosomes and their subsequent use in a vaccine against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 42:516. PUBMED Abstract
  103. Gerber JD, Selzer NL, Sharpee RL, et al. 1988. Immunogenicity of a Moraxella bovis bacterin containing attachment and cornea-degrading enzyme antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 18:41. PUBMED Abstract
  104. Smith PC, Blankenship T, Hoover TR, et al. 1990. Effectiveness of two commercial infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccines. Am J Vet Res 51:1147. PUBMED Abstract
  105. Marrs CF, Ruehl WW, Schoolnik GK, et al. 1988. Pilin-gene phase variation of Moraxella bovis is caused by an inversion of the pilin genes. J Bacteriol 170:3032. PUBMED Abstract
  106. Marrs CF, Schoolnik G, Koomey JM, et al. 1985. Cloning and sequencing of a Moraxella bovis pilin gene. J Bacteriol 163:132. PUBMED Abstract
  107. Lepper AW, Atwell JL, Lehrbach PR, et al. 1995. The protective efficacy of cloned Moraxella bovis pili in monovalent and multivalent vaccine formulations against experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Vet Microbiol 45:129. PUBMED Abstract
  108. Ruehl WW, Marrs CF, Fernandez R, et al. 1988. Purification, characterization, and pathogenicity of Moraxella bovis pili. J Exp Med 168:983. PUBMED Abstract
  109. Vandergaast N, Rosenbusch RF. 1989. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis epizootic associated with area-wide emergence of a new Moraxella bovis pilus type. Am J Vet Res 50:1437. PUBMED Abstract
  110. Greene WH, Grubbs ST, Potgieter LN. 2001. Immunoblot analysis of cyanogen bromide-cleaved Moraxella bovis pilin reveals presence of shared antigenic determinants on pili from heterologous strains. Vet Microbiol 80:365. PUBMED Abstract
  111. Greene WH, Grubbs ST, Potgieter LN. 2001. Detection of shared antigenic determinants on whole Moraxella bovis pili by use of antisera to cyanogen bromide-cleaved M. bovis pilus protein. Am J Vet Res 62:1279. PUBMED Abstract
  112. McConnel CS, Shum L, Gleeson BL, et al. 2008. Serologic cross-reactivity of Australian Moraxella bovis to vaccinal bacterin strains as determined by competitive ELISA. Aust Vet J 86:124. PUBMED Abstract
  113. Billson FM, Hodgson JL, Egerton JR, et al. 1994. A haemolytic cell-free preparation of Moraxella bovis confers protection against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 124:69. PUBMED Abstract
  114. Hoien-Dalen PS, Rosenbusch RF, Roth JA. 1990. Comparative characterization of the leukocidic and hemolytic activity of Moraxella bovis. Am J Vet Res 51:191. PUBMED Abstract
  115. Nakazawa M, Nemoto H. 1979. Hemolytic activity of Moraxella bovis. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 41:363. PUBMED Abstract
  116. Ostle AG, Rosenbusch RF. 1985. Immunogenicity of Moraxella bovis hemolysin. Am J Vet Res 46:1011. PUBMED Abstract
  117. George LW, Angelos JA, Ruehl WW. 2004. Stability, antigenicity, and aggregation of Moraxella bovis cytolysin after purification and storage. Am J Vet Res 65:977. PUBMED Abstract
  118. George LW, Borrowman AJ, Angelos JA. 2005. Effectiveness of a cytolysin-enriched vaccine for protection of cattle against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 66:136. PUBMED Abstract
  119. Angelos JA, Hess JF, George LW. 2004. Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine. Vaccine 23:537. PUBMED Abstract
  120. Angelos JA, Bonifacio RG, Ball LM, et al. 2007. Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant Moraxella bovis pilin-Moraxella bovis cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine. Vet Microbiol 125:274. PUBMED Abstract
  121. Angelos JA, Lane VM, Ball LM, et al. 2010. Recombinant Moraxella bovoculi cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Res Commun 34:229. PUBMED Abstract
  122. Angelos JA, Gohary KG, Ball LM, et al. 2012. Randomized controlled field trial to assess efficacy of a Moraxella bovis pilin-cytotoxin-Moraxella bovoculi cytotoxin subunit vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 73:1670. PUBMED Abstract
  123. Misiura M. 1994. Keratoconjunctivitis infectiosa in calves–attempt at elimination by active immunization. Arch Vet Pol 34:187. PUBMED Abstract
  124. Zbrun MV, Zielinski GC, Piscitelli HC, et al. 2011. Evaluation of anti-Moraxella bovis pili immunoglobulin-A in tears following intranasal vaccination of cattle. Res Vet Sci 93:183. PUBMED Abstract
  125. Abeynayake P, Cooper BS. 1989. The concentration of penicillin in bovine conjunctival sac fluid as it pertains to the treatment of Moraxella bovis infection. (I) Subconjunctival injection. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 12:25. PUBMED Abstract
  126. Edmondson AJ, George LW, Farver TB. 1989. Survival analysis for evaluation of corneal ulcer healing times in calves with naturally acquired infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 50:838. PUBMED Abstract
  127. George L, Mihalyi J, Edmondson A, et al. 1988. Topically applied furazolidone or parenterally administered oxytetracycline for the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1415. PUBMED Abstract
  128. Eastman TG, George LW, Hird DW, et al. 1998. Combined parenteral and oral administration of oxytetracycline for control of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:560. PUBMED Abstract
  129. Angelos JA, Dueger EL, George LW, et al. 2000. Efficacy of florfenicol for treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:62. PUBMED Abstract
  130. Dueger EL, Angelos JA, Cosgrove S, et al. 1999. Efficacy of florfenicol in the treatment of experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 60:960. PUBMED Abstract
  131. Lane VM, George LW, Cleaver DM. 2006. Efficacy of tulathromycin for treatment of cattle with acute ocular Moraxella bovis infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:557. PUBMED Abstract
  132. Angelos JA, Ball LM, Byrne BA. 2011. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected antimicrobial agents for Moraxella bovoculi associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 23:552. PUBMED Abstract

Immune-Mediated Ocular Diseases

  1. English RV. 1999. Immune responses and the eye. In Gelatt K (ed), Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 3. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
  2. Eichenbaum JD, Lavach JD, Severin GA, et al. 1987. Immunology of the ocular surface. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:1101.
  3. English RV. 1992. Regulation of intraocular immune responses. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 2:41.
  4. Rahi AHS, Garner A. 1976. Immunopathology of the eye. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, England.
  5. Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM, Palestine AG. 1996. Uveitis: fundamentals and clinical practice, ed 2. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
  6. Hines MT. 1984. Immunologically mediated ocular disease in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:501. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Swiderski CE. 2000. Hypersensitivity disorders in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:131. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Frank MM, Lawley TJ. 1998. Immune complexes and allergic disease. In Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF (eds), Allergy: principles and practice, ed 5. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
  9. McClure JJ. 2000. Equine autoimmunity. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:153. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Matthews AG, Handscombe MC. 1983. Uveitis in the horse: a review of the aetiological and immunopathological aspects of the disease. Equine Vet J Suppl 2:61.
  11. Romeike A, Brugmann M, Drommer W. 1998. Immunohistochemical studies in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Vet Pathol 35:515. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Gilger BC, Malok E, Cutter KV, et al. 1999. Characterization of T lymphocytes in the anterior chamber of eyes with chronic equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 71:17. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Askenase PW. 2003. Delayed-type hypersensitivity and cellular immunity: effector/regulator molecules and mechanisms. In Adkinson NF, Yunginger JW, Busse WW (eds), Middleton's allergy: principles and practice, ed 6. Mosby-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  14. Abelson MB, Udell IJ. 1981. H2-receptors in the human ocular surface. Arch Ophthalmol 99:302. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Severin GA, Hazel SJ, Kainer RA. 1980. The eye. In Amstutz HE (ed), Bovine medicine and surgery, ed 2. American Veterinary Publications, Santa Barbara, CA.
  16. Krahwinkel DJ, Schmeitzel LP, Fadok VA, et al. 1988. Familial allergic rhinitis in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1593. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Rebhun WC. 1986. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease in the bovine. In Howard JL (ed), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  18. Swiderski C. 1997. Hypersensitivity reactions. In Reed S, Bayly W (eds), Equine internal medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  19. Evans AG. 1987. Recurrent urticaria due to inhaled allergens. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  20. Kimyai-Asadi A, Jih MH. 2001. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. Int J Dermatol 6:367. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Scott DW, Walton DK, Slater MR, et al. 1987. Immune-mediated dermatoses in domestic animals: ten years after. Part I. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:423.
  22. George LW, White SL. 1984. Autoimmune skin disease of large animals. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:79. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Fadok VA. 1995. An overview of equine dermatoses characterized by scaling and crusting. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:43. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Scott DW, Manning TO, Smith CA, et al. 1983. Pemphigus and pemphigoid in dogs, cats and horses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 420:353. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Winfield LD, White SD, Affolter VK, et al. 2013. Pemphigus vulgaris in a Welsh pony stallion: case report and demonstration of antidesmoglein autoantibodies. Vet Dermatol 24:269. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Zabel S, Mueller RS, Fieseler KV, et al. 2005. Review of 15 cases of pemphigus foliaceus in horses and a survey of the literature. Vet Rec 157:505. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Miragliotta V, Donadio E, Felicioli A, et al. 2006. Immunolocalisation of desmoglein-1 in equine muzzle skin. Eq Vet J 38:485. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Merchant S, Weinstein M. 2003. Pemphigus vulgaris: the eyes have it. Pediatrics 112:183. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Scott DW. 1988. Large animal dermatology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  30. Ramsey DT, Whiteley HE, Gerding PA Jr, et al. 1994. Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1308. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Yamagata M, Wilkie DA, Gilger BC. 1996. Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in seven horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1283. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Utter ML, Keenan D, Makkreel L, et al. 2010. Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in 19 mares on a Standardbred farm, 41st Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Oct 6-9, San Diego, CA. Vet Ophthalmol 13:407.
  33. Miller C, Utter ML, Wotman KL. 2012. Equine eosinophilic keratitis in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States: a report of 20 cases (2008-2012). 2013 Abstracts. 43rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Oct 17-20, Portland, OR. Vet Ophthalmol 16:E15.
  34. Olsén L, Bondesson U, Broström H, et al. 2008. Cetirizine in horses: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following repeated oral administration. Vet J 177:242. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Matthews A. 2005. Eosinophilic keratitis/keratoconjunctivitis. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  36. Brooks DE. 2004. Inflammatory stromal keratopathies: medical management of stromal keratomalacia, stromal abscesses, eosinophilic keratitis, and band keratopathy in the horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:345. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Moore CP, Sarazan RD, Whitley RD, et al. 1983. Equine ocular parasites: a review. Equine Vet J Suppl 2:76.
  38. Trocme SD, Kephart GM, Bourne WM, et al. 1993. Eosinophil major basic protein deposition in corneal ulcers associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 115:640. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Brooks DE, Millichamp NJ, Peterson MG, et al. 1990. Nonulcerative keratouveitis in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1985. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Andrew SE, Willis AM. 2005. Diseases of the cornea and sclera. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  41. Wada S, Yoshinari M, Katayama Y, et al. 2003. Nonulcerative keratouveitis as a manifestation of leptospiral infection in a horse. Vet Ophthalmol 6:191. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Gratzek AT, Kaswan RL, Martin CL, et al. 1999. Ophthalmic cyclosporine in equine keratitis and keratouveitis: 11 cases. Equine Vet J 27:327. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Matthews AG. 2000. Nonulcerative keratopathies in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 12:271.
  44. Brooks DE. 1999. Equine ophthalmology. In Gelatt KN (ed), Veterinary ophthalmology, ed 3. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
  45. Gilger BC, Michau TM, Salmon JH. 2005. Immune-mediated keratitis in horses: 19 cases (1998-2004). Vet Ophthalmol 8:233. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Brooks DE, Plummer CE, Mangan BG, et al. 2013. Equine subepithelial keratomycosis. Vet Ophthalmol 16:93. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Matthews A, Gilger BC. 2009. Equine immune-mediated keratopathies. Vet Ophthalmol 12(Suppl 1):10. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Matthews A. 2005. Idiopathic nonulcerative keratitis. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  49. Parma AE, Sanz ME, Lucchesi PM, et al. 1997. Detection of an antigenic protein of Leptospira interrogans which shares epitopes with the equine cornea and lens. Vet J 153:75. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Lucchesi PM, Parma AE. 1999. A DNA fragment of Leptospira interrogans encodes a protein which shares epitopes with equine cornea. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 71:173. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Pate DO, Clode AB, Olivery T, et al. 2012. Immunohistochemical and immunopathologic characterization of superficial stromal immune-mediate keratitis in horses. Am J Vet Res 73:7. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Schwink KL. 1992. Equine uveitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:557. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Dwyer AE, Crockett RS, Kalsow CM. 1995. Association of leptospiral seroreactivity and breed with uveitis and blindness in horses: 372 cases (1986-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1327. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Dwyer A, Gilger BC. 2005. Equine recurrent uveitis. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  55. Dick AD. 1998. Understanding uveitis through the eyes of a horse: relevance of models of ocular inflammation to human disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 6:211. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Rebhun WC. 1979. Diagnosis and treatment of equine uveitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:803. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Abrams KL, Brooks DE. 1990. Equine recurrent uveitis: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment. Equine Pract 12:27.
  58. Miller TR, Brooks DE, Smith PJ, et al. 1995. Equine glaucoma: clinical findings and response to treatment in 14 horses. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 5:170.
  59. Kalsow CM, Dwyer AE, Smith AW, et al. 1992. Pinealitis coincident with recurrent uveitis: immunohistochemical studies. Curr Eye Res 11(Suppl):147. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Kalsow CM, Dwyer AE, Smith AW, et al. 1993. Pinealitis accompanying equine recurrent uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 77:46. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Kalsow CM, Dwyer AE. 1996. Pineal gland immunopathology in spontaneous equine uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:S897. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Kalsow CM, Dubielzig RR, Dwyer AE. 1999. Immunopathology of pineal glands from horses with uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:1611. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Faber NA, Crawford M, LeFebvre RB, et al. 2000. Detection of Leptospira spp. in the aqueous humor of horses with naturally acquired recurrent uveitis. J Clin Microbiol 38:2731. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Wollanke B, Rohrbach BW, Gerhards H. 2001. Serum and vitreous humor antibody titers in and isolation of Leptospira interrogans from horses with recurrent uveitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:795. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Morter RL. 1964. Experimental equine leptospirosis (Leptospira pomona). Proc U S Anim Health Assoc 68:147. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Davidson MG, Nasisse MP, Roberts SM. 1987. Immunodiagnosis of leptospiral uveitis in 2 horses. Equine Vet J 19:155. PUBMED Abstract
  67. Schmidt GM, Krehbiel JD, Coley SC, et al. 1982. Equine ocular onchocerciasis: histopathologic study. Am J Vet Res 43:1371. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Attenburrow DP, Donnelly JJ, Soulsby EJL. 1983. Periodic ophthalmia (recurrent uveitis) of horses: an evaluation of the aetiological role of microfiliariae of Onchocerca cervicalis and the clinical management of the condition. Equine Vet J Suppl 2:48.
  69. Deeg CA, Marti E, Gaillard C, et al. 2004. Equine recurrent uveitis is strongly associated with the MHC class I haplotype ELA-A9. Equine Vet J 36:73. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Cooley PL, Wyman M, Kindig O. 1990. Pars plicata in equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Pathol 27:138. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Dubielzig RR, Render JA, Morreale RJ. 1997. Distinctive morphologic features of the ciliary body in equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 7:163.
  72. Deeg CA, Ehrenhofer M, Thurau SR, et al. 2002. Immunopathology of recurrent uveitis in spontaneously diseased horses. Exp Eye Res 75:127. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Niedermaier G, Wollanke B, Hoffmann R, et al. 2006. [Depiction of the structure of the vitreous body in horses without ocular diseases and in horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) using transmission electron microscopy]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 113:211.
  74. Angelos J, Oppenheim Y, Rebhun W, et al. 1988. Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for sarcoid and uveitis in horses. Anim Genet 19:417. PUBMED Abstract
  75. Alexander DS, Keller H. 1990. [Etiology and occurrence of periodic eye inflammation of horses in the area of Berlin]. Tierarztl Prax 18:623. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Pilgrim S, Threlfall WR. 1999. A serologic study of leptospirosis in mares. Equine Pract 21:20.
  77. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan C. 1985. Proposed immune mechanisms in uveitis and their modulation. Int Ophthalmol Clin 25:81. PUBMED Abstract
  78. Wildner G, Thurau SR. 1994. Cross-reactivity between an HLA-B27-derived peptide and a retinal autoantigen peptide: a clue to major histocompatibility complex association with autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 24:2579. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Thurau SR, Wildner G. 2003. An HLA-peptide mimics organ-specific antigen in autoimmune uveitis: its role in pathogenesis and therapeutic induction of oral tolerance. Autoimmun Rev 2:171. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Deeg CA, Thurau SR, Gerhards H, et al. 2002. Uveitis in horses induced by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein is similar to the spontaneous disease. Eur J Immunol 32:2598. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Deeg CA, Kaspers B, Gerhards H, et al. 2001. Immune responses to retinal autoantigens and peptides in equine recurrent uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:393. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Hines MT, Halliwell REW. 1991. Autoimmunity to retinal S-antigen in horses with equine recurrent uveitis. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1:283.
  83. Hines MT, Jarpe A, Halliwell REW. 1992. Equine recurrent uveitis: immunization of ponies with equine retinal S-antigen. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 2:3.
  84. Kalsow CM, Dwyer AE. 1998. Retinal immunopathology in horses with uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 6:239. PUBMED Abstract
  85. Gilger BC, Yang P, Salmon JH, et al. 2002. Expression of a cytokine by ciliary body epithelium in horses with naturally occurring recurrent uveitis and in cultured ciliary body epithelial cells. Am J Vet Res 63:942. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Ishida K, Panjwani N, Cao Z, et al. 2003. Participation of pigment epithelium in ocular immune privilege. 3. Epithelia cultured from iris, ciliary body, and retina suppress T-cell activation by partially non-overlapping mechanisms. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 11:91. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Horohov DW. 2000. Equine T-cell cytokines. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:1. PUBMED Abstract
  88. Caspi R, Silver P, Chan C. 1996. Genetic susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in the rat is associated with an elevated Th1 response. J Immunol 157:2668. PUBMED Abstract
  89. Caspi R, Sun B, Agarwal R, et al. 1997. T cell mechanisms in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: susceptibility is a function of the cytokine response profile. Eye 11:209. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Halliwell RE, Hines MT. 1985. Studies on equine recurrent uveitis. I. Levels of immunoglobulin and albumin in the aqueous humor of horses with and without intraocular disease. Curr Eye Res 4:1023. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Wagner B, Brandt K, Sheoran A, et al. 1997. [Demonstration of immunoglobulin isotypes in the vitreous body as a contribution to the etiology of recurrent equine uveitis]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 104:467. PUBMED Abstract
  92. Eule JC, Wagner B, Leibold W, et al. 2000. Occurrence of various immunoglobulin isotypes in horses with equine recurrent uveitis. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 113:253. PUBMED Abstract
  93. Shimada K, Silverstein AM. 1975. Local antibody formation within the eye: a study of immunoglobulin class and antibody specificity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 14:573. PUBMED Abstract
  94. Brandes K, Wollanke B, Niedermaier G, et al. 2007. Recurrent uveitis in horses: vitreal examinations with ultrastructural detection of leptospires. J Vet Med Series A 54:270. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Halliwell RE, Brim TA, Hines MT, et al. 1985. Studies on equine recurrent uveitis. II. The role of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. Curr Eye Res 4:1033. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Sillerud CL, Bey RF, Ball M, et al. 1987. Serologic correlation of suspected Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona–induced uveitis in a group of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1576. PUBMED Abstract
  97. Parma AE, Fernandez AS, Santisteban CG, et al. 1987. Tears and aqueous humor from horses inoculated with Leptospira contain antibodies which bind to cornea. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 14:181. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Brem S, Gerhards H, Wollanke B, et al. 1998. Demonstration of intraocular leptospira in 4 horses suffering from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 111:415. PUBMED Abstract
  99. Parma AE, Santisteban CG, Villalba JS, et al. 1985. Experimental demonstration of an antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine cornea. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 10:215. PUBMED Abstract
  100. Matthews AG, Waitkins SA, Palmer MF. 1987. Serological study of leptospiral infections and endogenous uveitis among horses and ponies in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 19:125. PUBMED Abstract
  101. Wollanke B, Gerhards H, Brem S, et al. 1998. Intraocular and serum antibody titers to Leptospira in 150 horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) subjected to vitrectomy. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 111:134. PUBMED Abstract
  102. Brem S, Gerhards H, Wollanke B, et al. 1999. Thirty-five leptospira isolated from the vitreous body of 32 horses with recurrent uveitis (ERU). Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 112:390. PUBMED Abstract
  103. Hartskeerl RA, Goris MG, Brem S, et al. 2004. Classification of leptospira from the eyes of horses suffering from recurrent uveitis. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 51:110. PUBMED Abstract
  104. Pearce JW, Galle LE, Kleiboeker SB. 2007. Detection of Leptospira interrogans DNA and antigen in fixed equine eyes affected with end-stage equine recurrent uveitis. J Vet Diag Invest 19:686. PUBMED Abstract
  105. Gilger BC, Salmon JH, Yi NY. 2008. Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of recurrent uveitis in horses from the southeastern United States. Am J Vet Res 69:1329. PUBMED Abstract
  106. Roberts SJ, York C, Robinson J. 1952. An outbreak of leptospirosis in horses on a small farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc 121:237. PUBMED Abstract
  107. Roberts SJ. 1958. Sequelae of leptospirosis in horses on a small farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc 133:189. PUBMED Abstract
  108. Williams RD, Morter RL, Freeman MJ, et al. 1971. Experimental chronic uveitis: ophthalmic signs following equine leptospirosis. Invest Ophthalmol 10:948. PUBMED Abstract
  109. Dwyer A. 2005. Equine recurrent uveitis and leptospirosis. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  110. Barwick RS, Mohammed HO, McDonough PL, et al. 1997. Risk factors associated with the likelihood of leptospiral seropositivity in horses in the state of New York. Am J Vet Res 58:1097. PUBMED Abstract
  111. Barwick RS, Mohammed HO, McDonough PL, et al. 1998. Epidemiologic features of equine Leptospira interrogans of human significance. Prev Vet Med 36:153. PUBMED Abstract
  112. Parma AE, Cerone SI, Sansinanea SA, et al. 1992. C3 fixed in vivo to cornea from horses inoculated with Leptospira interrogans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 34:181. PUBMED Abstract
  113. Parma AE, Cerone SI, Sansinanea SA. 1992. Biochemical analysis by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting of the antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine ocular tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 33:179. PUBMED Abstract
  114. Lucchesi PMA, Parma AE, Arroyo GH. 2002. Serovar distribution of a DNA sequence involved in the antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine cornea. BMC Microbiol 2:3. PUBMED Abstract
  115. Verma A, Artiushin S, Matsunaga J, et al. 2005. LruA and LruB, novel lipoproteins of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans associated with equine recurrent uveitis. Infect Immun 73:7259. PUBMED Abstract
  116. Kalsow CM, Riethmeier SJ, Hainsworth SA, et al. 1999. Leptospira antigens in equine eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:S399.
  117. Burgess EC, Gillette D, Pickett JP. 1986. Arthritis and panuveitis as manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a Wisconsin pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1340. PUBMED Abstract
  118. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, Whitwell KE, et al. 1996. A possible case of lyme borreliosis in a horse in the UK. Equine Vet J 28:84. PUBMED Abstract
  119. McCartan CG, Russell MM, Wood JL, et al. 1995. Clinical, serological and virological characteristics of an outbreak of paresis and neonatal foal disease due to equine herpesvirus-1 on a stud farm. Vet Rec 136:7. PUBMED Abstract
  120. Gerhards H, Wollanke B. 1996. [Antibody titers against Borrelia in horses in serum and in eyes and occurrence of equine recurrent uveitis]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 109:273. PUBMED Abstract
  121. Wollanke B, Gerhards H, Brem S, et al. 1998. Studies on vitreous and serum samples from horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU): the role of Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borna disease virus and toxoplasma in the etiology of ERU. Proc Am Coll Vet Ophthalmol 29:31.
  122. Glaze MB, McGuire TC, Schmidt GM, et al. 1984. Immunoglobulin levels in tears and aqueous humor of horses before and after diethylcarbamazine (DEC) therapy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 7:185. PUBMED Abstract
  123. Chan CC, Ottesen EA, Awadzi K, et al. 1989. Immunopathology of ocular onchocerciasis. I. Inflammatory cells infiltrating the anterior segment. Clin Exp Immunol 77:367. PUBMED Abstract
  124. Greene BM, Taylor HR, Aikawa M. 1981. Cellular killing of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus: eosinophil and neutrophil-mediated immune serum-dependent destruction. J Immunol 127:1611. PUBMED Abstract
  125. Eisen HN. 1980. Immunology. Harper & Row, Philadelphia, PA.
  126. Deeg CA. 2008. Ocular immunology in equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 11:61. PUBMED Abstract
  127. Wacker WB, Donoso LA, Kalsow CM, et al. 1977. Experimental allergic uveitis. Isolation, characterization and localization of a soluble uveitopathogenic antigen from bovine retina. J Immunol 119:1949. PUBMED Abstract
  128. Gery I, Wiggert B, Redmond TM, et al. 1986. Uveoretinitis and pinealitis induced by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27:1296. PUBMED Abstract
  129. Broekhuyse RM, Kuhlmann ED, Winkens HJ, et al. 1991. Experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU), a new form of experimental uveitis. I. Induction by a detergent-insoluble, intrinsic protein fraction of the retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 52:465. PUBMED Abstract
  130. Chan CC, Qian L. 1998. Immunopathology of uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 82:91. PUBMED Abstract
  131. Nussenblatt RB. 1991. Experimental autoimmune uveitis: mechanisms of disease and clinical therapeutic indications. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:3131. PUBMED Abstract
  132. LaHey E, Broersma L, van der Gaag R, et al. 1993. Does autoimmunity to S-antigen play a role in Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis? Br J Ophthalmol 77:436. PUBMED Abstract
  133. Forrester JV. 1991. Uveitis: pathogenesis. Lancet 338:1498. PUBMED Abstract
  134. Morter RL, Williams RD, Bolte H, et al. 1969. Equine leptospirosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:436. PUBMED Abstract
  135. Maxwell SA, Hurt D, Brightman AH, et al. 1991. Humoral responses to retinal proteins in horses with recurrent uveitis. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1:155.
  136. Deeg CA, Reese S, Gerhards H, et al. 2004. The uveitogenic potential of retinal S-antigen in horses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:2286. PUBMED Abstract
  137. O'Connor GR. 1981. Overview of ocular autoimmune diseases. In Helmsen RJ, Suran A, Geri I (eds), Immunology of the eye. Workshop II. Autoimmune phenomena and ocular disorders. Immunol Abstracts (Spec Suppl) Information Retrieval, Washington, DC.
  138. Banga JP, Kasp E, Ellis BA, et al. 1987. Antigenicity and uveogenicity of partially purified peptides of a retinal autoantigen, S-antigen. Immunology 61:357. PUBMED Abstract
  139. Deeg CA, Amann B, Raith AJ, et al. 2006. Inter- and intramolecular epitope spreading in equine recurrent uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:652. PUBMED Abstract
  140. Vanderlugt CJ, Miller SD. 1996. Epitope spreading. Curr Opin Immunol 8:831. PUBMED Abstract
  141. Tuohy VK, Kinkel RP. 2000. Epitope spreading: a mechanism for progression of autoimmune disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 48:347. PUBMED Abstract
  142. Shimada K, Silverstein AM. 1975. Induction of booster antibody formation without specific antigen drive. Cell Immunol 18:484. PUBMED Abstract
  143. Gilger BC, Malok E, Stewart T, et al. 2000. Effect of an intravitreal cyclosporine implant on experimental uveitis in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 76:239. PUBMED Abstract
  144. Fruhauf B, Ohnesorge B, Deegen E, et al. 1998. Surgical management of equine recurrent uveitis with single port pars plana vitrectomy. Vet Ophthalmol 1:137. PUBMED Abstract
  145. Yi NY, Davis JL, Salmon JH, et al. 2008. Ocular distribution and toxicity of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in normal equine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 11:15. PUBMED Abstract
  146. Williams MM, Spiess BM, Pascoe PJ, et al. 2000. Systemic effects of topical and subconjunctival ophthalmic atropine in the horse. Vet Ophthalmol 3:193. PUBMED Abstract
  147. Lavach JD. 1987. The handbook of equine ophthalmology. Giddings Studio. Ft Collins, CO.
  148. Hacker DV, Buyukmihci NC, Franti CE, et al. 1987. Effect of topical phenylephrine on the equine pupil. Am J Vet Res 48:320. PUBMED Abstract
  149. Gilger BC, Michau TM. 2004. Equine recurrent uveitis: new methods of management. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:417. PUBMED Abstract
  150. Divers TJ, Irby NL, Mohammed HO, et al. 2008. Ocular penetration of intravenously administered enrofloxacin in the horse. Eq Vet J 40:167. PUBMED Abstract
  151. Douglas LC, Yi NY, Davis JL, et al. 2008. Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses. J Vet Pharm Ther 31:511. PUBMED Abstract
  152. Rohrbach BW, Ward DA, Hendrix DVH, et al. 2005. Effect of vaccination against leptospirosis on the frequency, days to recurrence and progression of the disease in horses with equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 8:171. PUBMED Abstract
  153. Nussenblatt RB, Nodrigues MM, Salinas-Carmona MC, et al. 1982. Modulation of experimental autoimmune uveitis with cyclosporine A. Arch Ophthalmol 100:1146. PUBMED Abstract
  154. Granelli-Piperno A. 1993. Cellular mode of action of cyclosporine A. In Bached JF (ed), T-cell directed immunointervention. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, England.
  155. Gilger BC, Allen JB. 1998. Cyclosporine A in veterinary ophthalmology. Vet Ophthalmol 1:181. PUBMED Abstract
  156. Enyedi LB, Pearson PA, Ashton P, et al. 1996. An intravitreal device providing sustained release of cyclosporine and dexamethasone. Curr Eye Res 15:549. PUBMED Abstract
  157. Pearson PA, Jaffe GJ, Martin DF, et al. 1996. Evaluation of a delivery system providing long-term release of cyclosporine. Arch Ophthalmol 114:311. PUBMED Abstract
  158. Jaffe GJ, Yang CS, Wang XC, et al. 1998. Intravitreal sustained-release cyclosporine in the treatment of experimental uveitis. Ophthalmology 105:46. PUBMED Abstract
  159. Gilger BC, Wilkie DW, Ashton P, et al. 2001. Intravitreal cyclosporine (CsA) implants in horses with naturally-occurring recurrent uveitis. Am J Vet Res 62:1892.
  160. Sakurai E, Nozaki M, Okabe K, et al. 2003. Scleral plug of biodegradable polymers containing tacrolimus (FK506) for experimental uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:4845. PUBMED Abstract
  161. Gilger BC, Salmon JH, Wilkie DA, et al. 2006. A novel bioerodible deep scleral lamellar cyclosporine implant for uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:2596. PUBMED Abstract
  162. Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, Clode AB, et al. 2010. Long-term outcome after implantation of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine drug delivery device in horses with recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 13:294. PUBMED Abstract
  163. Werry H, Gerhards H. 1992. [The surgical therapy of equine recurrent uveitis]. Tierarztl Prax 20:178. PUBMED Abstract
  164. Gerhards H, Wollanke B, Winterberg A, et al. 1998. Technique for and results with surgical treatment of equine recurrent uveitis. Proc Am Coll Vet Ophthalmol 29:30.
  165. Brooks D. 2001. Core vitrectomy for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis: 23 cases. Proc Am Coll Vet Ophthalmol 32:52.
  166. Gerhards H, Wollanke B. 2005. Surgical treatment of equine recurrent uveitis: trans-pars-plana-vitrectomy in horses. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  167. Marolt J, Burdnjak Z, Vekelic E, et al. 1963. Specific ophthalmia of cattle. Zentralbl Vet 10:286.
  168. Davidson HJ, Blanchard GL, Coe PH. 1992. Idiopathic uveitis in a herd of Holstein cows. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 2:113.

Ocular Parasites

  1. Cello RM. 1971. Ocular onchocerciasis in the horse. Equine Vet J 3:148. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Moore CP, et al. 1985. Equine ocular parasites: a review. Equine Vet J 2(Suppl):76.
  3. Moran CT, James ER. 1987. Equine ocular pathology ascribed to Onchocerca cervicalis infection: a re-examination. Trop Med Parasitol 38:287. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Pearlman E, Gillette-Ferguson I. 2007. Onchocerca volvulus, Wolbachia and river blindness. Chem Immunol Allergy 92:254. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Tamarozzi F, et al. 2011. Onchocerciasis: the role of Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts in parasite biology, disease pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 24:459. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Hise AG, Gillette-Ferguson I, Pearlman E. 2003. Immunopathogenesis of Onchocerca volvulus keratitis (river blindness): a novel role for TLR4 and endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. J Endotoxin Res 9:390. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Schmidt GM, et al. 1982. Equine onchocerciasis: lesions in the nuchal ligament of midwestern U.S. horses. Vet Pathol 19:16. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Schmidt GM, et al. 1982. Equine ocular onchocerciasis: histopathologic study. Am J Vet Res 43:1371. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Munger RJ. 1983. Equine onchoceral keratoconjunctivitis. Equine Vet J 2(Suppl):65.
  10. Hoerauf A, et al. 2001. Depletion of wolbachia endobacteria in Onchocerca volvulus by doxycycline and microfilaridermia after ivermectin treatment. Lancet 357:1415. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Kluxen G, Horauf A. 2007. [Ocular onchocerciasis: a key role for Wolbachia]. Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 104:860. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Herd RP, Donham JC. 1983. Efficacy of ivermectin against Onchocerca cervicalis microfilarial dermatitis in horses. Am J Vet Res 44:1102. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Mancebo OA, Verdi JH, Bulman GM. 1997. Comparative efficacy of moxidectin 2% equine oral gel and ivermectin 2% equine oral paste against Onchocerca cervicalis (Railliet and Henry, 1910) microfilariae in horses with naturally acquired infections in Formosa (Argentina). Vet Parasitol 73:243. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Monahan CM, et al. 1995. Efficacy of moxidectin oral gel against Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae. J Parasitol 81:117. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC. 1988. Verification of ineffectual activity of ivermectin against adult Onchocerca spp in the ligamentum nuchae of horses. Am J Vet Res 49:983. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Rebhun WC. 1996. Observations on habronemiasis in horses. Equine Vet Educ 8:188.
  17. Traversa D, et al. 2004. Semi-nested PCR for the specific detection of Habronema microstoma or Habronema muscae DNA in horse faeces. Parasitology 129(Pt 6):733. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Herd RP, Donham JC. 1981. Efficacy of ivermectin against cutaneous Draschia and Habronema infection (summer sores) in horses. Am J Vet Res 42:1953. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Pusterla N, et al. 2003. Cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses: 63 cases (1988-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:978. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Miller PE, Campbell BG. 1992. Subconjunctival cyst associated with Thelazia gulosa in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1058. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC. 1980. Age distribution of horses in Kentucky infected with the eye worm Thelazia lacrymalis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:221. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Lyons ET, Drudge JH. 1975. Occurrence of the eyeworm, Thelazia lacrymalis, in horses in Kentucky. J Parasitol 61:1122. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Lyons ET, Drudge JH. 1975. Two eyeworms, Thelazia gulosa and Thelazia skrjabini, in cattle in Kentucky. J Parasitol 61:1119. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Patton S, Marbury K. 1978. Thelaziasis in cattle and horses in the United States. J Parasitol 64:1147. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC. 1980. Experimental infections of Thelazia lacrymalis: maturation of third-stage larvae from face flies (Musca autumnalis) in eyes of ponies. J Parasitol 66:181. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Giangaspero A, et al. 1999. Occurrence of Thelazia lacrymalis (Nematoda, Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in native horses in Italy. Parassitologia 41:545. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Giangaspero A, et al. 2000. Occurrence of Thelazia lacrymalis (Nematoda, Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in native horses in Abruzzo region (central eastern Italy). Parasite 7:51. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC. 1981. Apparent inactivity of several antiparasitic compounds against the eyeworm Thelazia lacrymalis in equids. Am J Vet Res 42:1046. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Kennedy MJ, Phillips FE. 1993. Efficacy of doramectin against eyeworms (Thelazia spp.) in naturally and experimentally infected cattle. Vet Parasitol 49:61. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Soll MD, et al. 1992. The efficacy of ivermectin against Thelazia rhodesii (Desmarest, 1828) in the eyes of cattle. Vet Parasitol 42:67. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Abdelbaki YZ, Davis RW. 1972. Ophthalmoscopic findings in elaeophorosis of domestic sheep. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 67:69. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Boyce W, et al. 1999. Elaeophorosis in bighorn sheep in New Mexico. J Wildl Dis 35:786. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Rugg D, et al. 1997. Efficacy of ivermectin controlled-release capsules for the control and prevention of nasal bot infestations in sheep. Aust Vet J 75:36. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Rugg D, et al. 2012. Persistent efficacy of a long acting injectable formulation of moxidectin against natural infestations of the sheep nasal bot (Oestrus ovis) in Spain. Vet Parasitol 188:330. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Hoste H, et al. 2004. Efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on against gastrointestinal nematodes and the nasal bot fly (Oestrus ovis) in sheep. Vet Rec 154:782. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Laha R, Sasmal NK. 2008. Endemic status of Trypanosoma evansi infection in a horse stable of eastern region of India–a field investigation. Trop Anim Health Prod 40:357. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Witola WH, et al. 2005. Acquired resistance to berenil in a cloned isolate of Trypanosoma evansi is associated with upregulation of a novel gene, TeDR40. Parasitology 131(Pt 5):635. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS. 2006. Neosporosis, toxoplasmosis, and sarcocystosis in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 22:645. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Piper RC, Cole CR, Shadduck JA. 1970. Natural and experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in animals. Am J Ophthalmol 69:662. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Klei TR, Torbert BJ, Ochoa R. 1980. Efficacy of ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) against adult Setaria equina and microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis in ponies. J Parasitol 66:859. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Muhammad G, Saqib M. 2007. Successful treatment of ocular equine microfilariasis (Setaria species) with ivermectin. Vet Rec 160:25. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Jemelka ED. 1976. Removal of Setaria digitata from the anterior chamber of the equine eye. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 71:673. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Rames DS, et al. 1995. Ocular Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) deletrix in a horse. Vet Pathol 32:540. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Barnett KC, Cottrell BD, Rest JR. 1988. Retrobulbar hydatid cyst in the horse. Equine Vet J 20:136. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Giadinis ND, et al. 2012. Acute coenurosis of dairy sheep from 11 flocks in Greece. N Z Vet J 60:247. PUBMED Abstract

Ocular Neoplasia

  1. Heeney JL, Valli VEO. 1985. Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: an epidemiological perspective. Can J Comp Med 49:21. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Roberts SM, Kainer RA. 1993. Food animal ocular neoplasia, p 846. In Howard JL (ed), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 3. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  3. Schwink K. 1987. Factors influencing morbidity and outcome of equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Equine Vet J 19:198. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Anderson DE, Badzioch M. 1991. Association between solar radiation and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in cattle. Am J Vet Res 52:784. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Bailey CM, Hanks DR, Hanks MA. 1990. Circumocular pigmentation and incidence of ocular squamous cell tumors in Bos taurus and Bos indicus × Bos taurus cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1605. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Dugan SJ, et al. 1991. Epidemiologic study of ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:251. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Dugan SJ, Roberts SM, Curtis CR, et al. 1991. Prognostic factors and survival of horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma: 147 cases (1978-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:298. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Wilcock BP. 1985. The eye and ear, p 396. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (eds), Pathology of domestic animals. Academic, New York, NY.
  9. Théon AP, Pascoe JR, Meagher DM. 1994. Perioperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous tumors in Equidae. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1170. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Théon AP, Pascoe JR, Carlson GP, et al. 1993. Intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin in oily emulsion in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:261. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Yodaiken MD, Bennett D. 1986. OSHA work-practice guidelines for personnel dealing with cytotoxic (antineoplastic) drugs. Am J Hosp Pharm 43:1193. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Rebhun WC. 1990. Treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinomas involving the equine cornea. Vet Surg 4:407. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Andrew SE, Willis M. 2005. Corneal neoplasm, p 235. In Gilger BC (ed), Equine ophthalmology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  14. Mosunic CB, Moore PA, Carmichael KP, et al. 2004. Effects of treatment with and without adjuvant radiation therapy on recurrence of ocular adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses: 157 cases (1985-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1733. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Rebhun WC. 1982. Orbital lymphosarcoma in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:149. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Rebhun WC, Bertone A. 1984. Equine lymphosarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:720. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Meek LA, Cooley AJ, Whitley RD. 1987. Intraocular lymphosarcoma as the presenting sign of generalized lymphosarcoma in a Holstein cow. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:239.
  18. Lavach JD, Sullins KE, Roberts SM, et al. 1985. BCG treatment of periocular sarcoid. Equine Vet J 17:445. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Crawley GR, Bryan GM, Gogolewski RP. 1987. Ocular hemangioma in a horse. Equine Pract 9:11.
  20. Hacker DV, Moore PF, Buyckmihci NC. 1986. Ocular angiosarcoma in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:200. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Goetz TE, Ogilvie GK, Keegan KG, et al. 1990. Cimetidine for treatment of melanomas in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:449. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Goetz TE, Long MT. 1993. Treatment of melanomas in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 15:608.
  23. Rings MD, Rojko J. 1985. Naturally occurring nasal obstructions in 11 sheep. Cornell Vet 75:269. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Richardson DW, Acland HM. 1983. Multilobular osteoma (chondroma rodens) in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:289. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Miesner T, Wilkie D, Gemensky-Metzler A, et al. 2009. Extra-adrenal paraganglioma of the equine orbit: six cases. Vet Ophthalmol 12:263. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Mitcham SA, Kasari TR, Parent JM, et al. 1984. Intracranial schwannoma in a cow. Can Vet J 25:138. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Hirst LW, Jabs DA, Stoskopf M, et al. 1983. Benign epibulbar melanocytoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:333. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Murphy J, Young S. 1979. Intraocular melanoma in a horse. Vet Pathol 16:539. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Neumann SM. 1985. Intraocular melanoma in a horse. Mod Vet Pract 66:559.
  30. Szymanski CM. 1987. Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:301. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Bistner S, Campbell RJ, Shaw D, et al. 1983. Neuroepithelial tumor of the optic nerve in a horse. Cornell Vet 73:30. PUBMED Abstract